Features of interaction between potassium salts mining and the environment

 Alexander Brodt

Eco-Safe Mining Corp., 510 Reeves Drive, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
Corresponding author: alexander.brodt@gmail.com

 ABSTRACT. Unlike the vast majority of minerals, the gangue in all types of halurgic raw materials is represented by a water-soluble material – rock salt, contaminated clay and other impurities insoluble in water. Thus, the storage of water-soluble waste from the enrichment of ground-based sylvinite enrichment plants out in the open air, in addition to the disfigurement of natural landscapes, is accompanied by the dissolution of waste congestions due to atmospheric precipitation, with the formation of gigantic volumes of excess brines, causing soil salinisation and contamination of drinking water sources. This paper proposes prevention of the harmful impact of the potassium salts industry on the environment, achieved by enriching the initial water-soluble raw materials in underground conditions based on new environmentally friendly technologies using fire- and explosion-proof non-aqueous heavy liquids with a given set of physical and physiologically inert properties with a full cycle of their energy-efficient regeneration.

Key words: mining of potash salts; underground processing minerals without harming to environment

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2654

References

Andrejchuk, V. & Rózkowski, J. (2000): Hydrogeological conditions and environmental hazard of salt dumps with special reference to potassium salt deposits in Vierchniekamsk, the Middle Ural Mountain, Russia. – Proceedings, 7th International Mine Water Association Congress: 38-48.  https://www.imwa.info/imwaconferencesandcongresses/imwa-congresses/152-proceedings-2000.html
Bołoz, Ł. (2019). The analysis of shaft sinking progress as a function of technical and organisational parameters. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering, 2(1), 203-212.  DOI:10.2478/mape-2019-0020
Cecala, A.B., O’Brien, A.D., Schall, J., Colinet, J.F., Franta, R.J., Schultz, M.J., Haas, E.J, Robinson, J., Patts, J., Holen, B.M., Stein, R., Weber, J., Strebel, M., Wilson, L., & Ellis, M. (2019). Dust control handbook for industrial minerals mining and processing. 2^nd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH, Publication No. 2019–124, RI 9701, Pittsburgh PA.https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2019124
Eminov, E., Mirzakulov, K., Melikulova, G., Arifdjanova, K., Boymatova M. (2026). Reverse flotation for enhanced desliming of low-grade sylvinite ores from the Khojaikon deposit. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,13(5), 25060-25065. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://www.ijarset.com/upload/2026/may/29-e_eminov-35.pdf
Florkowska, L., & Bryt-Nitarska, I. (2025). Natural and anthropogenic rock mass deformations as threats to sustainable development, In Sokoła-Szewioła & Jarczyk (Eds.), Mine Surveying and Mining Area Protection (1st ed.), CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/9781003655558-6
Ilin, S., Adorska, L., Samusia, V., Kolosov, D., & Ilina, I.  (2019). Conceptual bases of intensification of mining operations in mines of Ukraine based on monitoring and condition management of mine hoisting systems. E3S Web of Conferences – Essays of Mining Science and Practice 2019, 109, 00030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900030
Jasinski, S.M. (2026) Potash. In U.S. Geological Survey, 2026, Mineral commodity summaries (ver. 1.3, May 2026). U.S. Geological Survey, pp. 146-147. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2026
Latipov, Z., Uzoqov, Z.Z., & Bobomurodov, A. Yu. (2023). Development of recommendations for chemical fixation of salt waste. Universum: tekhnicheskie nauki: elektron. nauchn. zhurnal 10(115). https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/16103).
Liles, K. J., Brown, J. W., & Sullivan, G. V. (1973). Continuous heavy liquid concentration of high-clay potash ores. Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Liskova, M. Yu. (2017). Negative impact on the environment caused by companies that mine and process potassium and magnesium salts. Bulletin of PNRPU. Geology. Oil & Gas Engineering & Mining, 16 (1), 82–88. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9923/2017.1.9
Morachevskii, St. A.G., & Sladkov I.B. (1996).  Fiziko-himicheskie svojstva molekulyarnyh neorganicheskih soedinenii (Physicochemical properties of molecular inorganic compounds). Petersburg, Khimiya.
Tryon, G. H., & McKinnon, G. P., (1969). Fire protection handbook (13th ed.), Published by National Fire Protection Association.
United Nations (2025). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025 – revision August 2025. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2025/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2025.pdf
United Nations. (2024). World population prospects 2024: Summary of Results (UN DESA/POP/2024/TR/NO. 9). New York, United Nations. https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-population-prospects-2024-summary-results
Ushakova, E., Perevoshchikova, A., Menshikova, E., Khayrulina, E., Perevoshchikov, R., & Belkin, P. (2023). Environmental aspects of potash mining: a case study of the Verkhnekamskoe potash deposit. Mining, 3(2), 176–204. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining3020011
Wakeel, A., & Ishfaq, M. (2022). Potash for quality of agricultural commodities. In Potash use and dynamics in agriculture, Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6883-8_6
Wills, B. A., & Napier-Munn, T. (2006). Mineral processing technology, an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery Elsevier Science & Technology Books.

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS USING SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD IN THE AREA WITH THE GEOTHERMAL WATERS

Blagica Doneva, Zoran Panov, Radmila Karanakova Stefanovska, Risto Popovski

Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, North Macedonia, blagica.doneva@ugd.edu.mk
Corresponding author: blagica.doneva@ugd.edu.mk

ABSTRACT. Reflection seismic investigations in the „Podlog-Banja“ geothermal field are the first investigations of this kind planned to perform „pilot“ doublet-system for using of geothermal energy in the Republic of Macedonia. The selection of the “Podlog–Banja” geothermal field for the installation of a pilot doublet system was based on its favourable geothermal characteristics and the availability of an established team of qualified experts who could manage, monitor and operate the system effectively. Reflection seismic surveys were conducted within a metamorphic rock complex overlain by sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary formations with a thickness of approximately 300–500 m. Under such geological conditions, the quality of the seismic reflection data is expected to be lower than that typically achieved in geological environments characterised by horizontal layers. The effectiveness of the studies is further limited by the inclined spatial orientation of the geological structures and the low seismic velocity contrasts among the lithological units in the investigated metamorphic complex. These factors reduce the resolution and interpretability of the acquired seismic data. Due to the inclined spatial orientation of the geological units, the litho-spaces identified through reflection seismic investigations have not been adequately documented by previous drilling activities within the “Podlog–Banja” geothermal field. As a result, the litho-physical interpretation of the reflection seismic results should therefore be regarded as “forecasting”.

Key words: Podlog – Banja, seismic, reflection, geothermal.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2655

References

Babaei, M., & Nick, M. H. (2019). Performance of low-enthalpy geothermal systems: Interplay of spatially correlated heterogeneity and well-doublet spacings. Applied Energy, 253, 113569. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113569
Gascuel, V., Rivard, C., & Raymond, J. (2024). Deep geothermal doublets versus deep borehole heat exchangers: A comparative study for cold sedimentary basins. Applied Energy, 361, 122826. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122826
Mahbaz, B., Yaghoubi, A., Dehghani-Sanij, A., Sarvaramini, E., Leonenko, Y., & Dusseault, M. (2021). Well-Doublets: A First-Order Assessment of Geothermal SedHeat Systems. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 697. DOI: 10.3390/app11020697
Mirakovski, G., & Aleksovski, D. (2008). Geophysical investigation work by using seismic reflexion method in the area of the geothermal waters bed “Podlog–Banja”. Final report of the Project: Ecological sanitation and energetic rationalization of geothermal system “Geoterma” – Kocani.
Rakikevik, T., Dumurdzanov, N., & Pekovski, P. (1965 – 1968). Basic geological map of SFRJ, sheet Stip, 1 : 100000. Geological institute Skopje.
Satman, A., Sustainability of geothermal doublets. Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 – February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https:// gondwana.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2011/satman.pdf
Torres, L. (2019). Technical and economic evaluation of geothermal doublet systems designs and configurations for heat production from low enthalpy sedimentary aquifers. Master thesis. Politecnico di Torino. Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Center – Denmark Technical University.
Vardon, P. B. (2020). A Geothermal Well Doublet for Research and Heat Supply of the TU Delft Campus. Delft, Netherland: 10.48550/arXiv.2003.11826.
Vizintin, G., Sporin, J., & Vukelic, Z. (2024). Geothermal potential of pumping–injecting doublet wells. Energies, 17(5), 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17050980
Wang, J., Zhihong, Z., Guihong, L., & Haoran, X. (2022). A robust optimization approach of well placement for doublet in heterogeneous geothermal reservoirs using random forest technique and genetic algorithm. Energy, 254, 124427. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124427
Wu, X., Yonghong, J., Hongyuan, M., Jing, K., Xiao, L., & Chao, J. (2021). Well spacing optimization of hydrothermal doublet. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: 651 032046. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/651/3/032046
Xia, Y., Plummer, M., Mattson, E., Podgorney, R., & Ghassemi, A. (2017). Design, modeling, and evaluation of a doublet heat extraction model in enhanced geothermal systems. Renewable Energy, 105, 232-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.064

DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES KINETIC MODEL FOR HEAP LEACH CHEMICAL EXTRACTION USING COLUMN LEACH DATA

Naci Umut Duru

University of Nevada Reno, USA; E-mail: nduru@nevada.unr.edu

ABSTRACT. Mathematical modelling plays a central role in the interpretation of hydrometallurgical extraction processes. Laboratory experiments generate valuable information regarding the dissolution behaviour of minerals; however, meaningful interpretation of experimental results requires quantitative models capable of describing extraction kinetics. In this study, a non-linear kinetic model describing gold extraction by cyanide was developed using experimental column recovery data and parameter estimation through least-squares regression. Experimental recovery measurements obtained from column leach tests were fitted to an exponential extraction model expressed as, F(t) = K₂ * [1 – exp (K₁ * t)], where F represents fractional extraction, K₁ is the kinetic rate constant, K₂ represents the asymptotic maximum extraction, and t denotes time. Model parameters were estimated by minimising the sum of squared differences between experimental observations and model predictions using spreadsheet-based optimisation. The resulting model successfully reproduces the non-linear extraction behaviour observed in the experimental dataset and demonstrates the capability of exponential kinetic models to represent the rapid initial dissolution and subsequent asymptotic recovery typical of hydrometallurgical systems. Statistical validation of the fitted model gave squared correlation coefficient (R²) as 0.9904 and root mean square error (RMSE) as 0.0168 in fractional extraction units. Direct comparison with reaction-control and diffusion-control shrinking-core alternatives showed that the selected single-exponential model gave the lowest RMSE for this dataset, and residual analysis showed no persistent bias after the initial ore wetting period.

Key words: heap leach, column test work, reaction kinetics, process simulation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2656

References

Botz, M., & Marsden, J. (2019). Heap leach production modeling: a spreadsheet-based technique. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 36, 1041 – 1052. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-019-00129-0
Crundwell, F. (2011). Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
Dixon, D. G., & Hendrix, J. L. (1993). A mathematical model for heap leaching of one or more solid reactants from porous ore pellets. Metallurgical Transactions, 24, 1087 – 1102. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02661000
Fogler, H. S. (2006). Elements of chemical reaction engineering. Prentice Hall.
Ghorbani, Y., Franzidis, J. P., & Petersen, J. (2015). Heap leaching technology – current state, innovations, and future directions: A review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 37(2), 73-119. doi https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2015.1115990
Habashi, F. (1999). Textbook of hydrometallurgy. Metallurgie Extractive Québec.
Levenspiel, O. (1999). Chemical reaction engineering, John Wiley & Sons.
Marsden, J. O., & Botz, M. M. (2017). Heap leach modeling – A review of approaches to metal production forecasting. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing,  34(2), 53-64. DOI https://doi.org/10.19150/mmp.7505
Muller, B., & Newton, T., Look Before You Leach: Dynamic Simulation of Heap Leach Flowsheets, ALTA Copper Conference,” ALTA Metallurgical Services, 2008, Perth, Australia.
Petersen, J. (2016). Heap leaching as a key technology for recovery of values from low-grade ores – A brief overview. Hydrometallurgy, 165, 206–212. doi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.09.001
Sohn, H. Y., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1979). Rate processes of extractive metallurgy. Plenum Press.

EFFICIENCY AND SELECTIVITY OF COPPER PRECIPITATION AS COPPER OXALATE FROM SOLUTIONS FROM THE MINING INDUSTRY

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg
Corresponding author: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium and ferrous iron ions on the removal of copper-to-copper oxalate from a model solution containing 0.0069 M Cu²⁺. Copper oxalate was synthesised under optimal experimental conditions (solution pH of approximately 2.5, temperature of 50 °C, and a stirring rate of 250 rpm). This was an effective process for removing copper from the model solution, and the resulting particles were larger than 200 µm and exhibited excellent filtration characteristics. In contrast, higher concentrations of calcium ions (0.036 M) and ferrous iron ions (0.045 M) decreased the selectivity and efficiency of copper removal, respectively.

Key words: copper, pregnant solutions, copper oxalate, selectivity

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2657

References

 Aref, R., Jantunen, N., & Virolainen, S. (2026). Recovery of high-purity cobalt oxalate from acidic effluents with solvent extraction technology. Chemical Engineering Science, 330, 23878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2026.123878
Bohner, B., Schuszter, G., Berkesi, O., Horváth, D., & Tóth, Á. (2014). Self-organization of calcium oxalate by flow-driven precipitation. Chemical Communications, 50(33), 4289–4291. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc00205a
Botta, M. P., Attina, B., Ravera, M., & Gabano, E. (2025). Becoming aware of endangered and critical elements: spent batteries as metal mines. Journal of Chemical Education, 0102 (5), 2103-211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01535
Chen, X., Huang, K., & Wang, C. (2018). Facile synthesis of monodispersed copper oxalate flaky particles in the presence of EDTA. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 25(7), 762–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1624-5
Cheng, S., Vaughan, J., Wang, G., Ma, X., Lyu, X., & Peng, H. (2026). Slag to product: Unlocking titanium-bearing slag value via selective leaching of amorphous titanium phase. Minerals Engineering, 235, 109846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109846
Cismasu, A. C., Michel, F. M., Tcaciuc, A. P., Tyliszczak, T., & Brown, J. G. E. (2011). Composition and structural aspects of naturally occurring ferrihydrite. Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, 343(2-3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2010.11.001
Gylliene, O., & Saulkaskas, M. (1995). Metal recovery from spent electroless plating solutions by oxalate precipitation. Plating & Surface Finishing, 61-63.
Gyliene, O., Saulkaskas, M., & Juskenas, R. (1997). The use of organic acids as precipitants for metal recovery from galvanic solutions. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 70(1), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199709)70:1<111::AID-JCTB691>3.0.CO;2-9
Joseph, E., Cario, S., Simon, A., Wörle, M., Mazzeo, R., Junier, P., & Job, D. (2012). Protection of metal artefacts with the formation of metal–oxalates complexes by Beauveria bassiana. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00270
Krajanova, V., & Lalinska-Volekova, B. (2025). Hydrometallurgical leaching experiments on selected minerals and materials by oxalic acid. Proceedings of 25 SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2025, 29 June – 06 July 2025 – Albena, Bulgaria, pp. 319-324. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2025/1.1/s03.39
Korneev, A. V., Izatulina, A. R., Kuz’mina, M. A., & Frank-Kamenetskaya, O. V. (2022). Solid Solutions of Lindbergite–Glushinskite Series: Synthesis, Ionic Substitutions, Phase Transformation and Crystal Morphology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(23), 14734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314734
Lee, K. R., Kim, J., & Jang, J. G. (2017). Recovery of zinc in spent pickling solution with oxalic acid. Korean Chemical Engineering Research 55(6), 785-790. DOI:10.9713/kcer.2017.55.6.785
Lee, S. I., Kim, H. R., Park, J. K., J.K., Oh, W., Kim, J., Kim, C., Lee, J., Kim, K.-C., & Lee, B.-C. (2022). Precipitation of ferrous oxalate from ferrous ammonium sulphate in oxalic acid solution. Processes, 10(11), 2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112420
Li, X., Ma, B., Wang, C., & Chen, Y. (2024). Sustainable recovery and recycling of scrap copper and alloy resources: a review. Sustainable Materials & Technologies, 41, e01026. doi.org:1016/j.susmat.2024/e01026
Martins, L. S., Rovani, S., Botelho, A. B. J., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2023). Sustainable approach for critical metals recovery through hydrometallurgical processing of spent batteries using organic acids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 62(44), 18672-18682. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03048
Mustafa, L., Usman, M., Ali, S., Ali, A., & Naveed, A. (2025). Recycling technologies for extracting gallium from light-emitting diodes. Photonics, 12 (8), 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080808
Palmieri, F., Estoppey, A., House, G. L., Lohberger, A., Bindschedler, S., Chain, P.S.G., & Junier, P. (2019). Oxalic acid, a molecule, at the crossroads of bacterial-fungal interactions. Advanced Applied Microbiology, 106, 49-77. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.10.001
Roy, J. J., Srinivasan, M., & Cao, B. (2021). Bioleaching as an eco-friendly approach for metal recovery from spent NMC-based lithium-ion batteries at a high pulp density. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9(8), 3060-3069. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06573
Rumble, J. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN 978-1138561632
Shlesinger, M.E., Sole, K.C., Davenport, W.G., & Alvear Flores, G.R.F. (2021). Extractive metallurgy of copper. (6^th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN-13: 978-0128219034
Tita, A.M., Mends, E.A., Kar, U., Hussaini, S., & Chu, P. (2025). Leaching of Li-bearing sedimentary claystones using organic acids. Green and Smart Mining Engineering, 2(2), 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsme.2025.06.002
Verma, A., Kore, R., Corbin, D.R., & Shiflett, M.B. (2019). Metal recovery using oxalate chemistry: a technical review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 58(34), 15381-15393 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02598#
Wen, Y., Tribby, E.L., & Tang, Y. (2025). Intensified and selective recovery of critical metals from aqueous extracts: Fundamentals and system design. Chemical Engineering Journal, 512, 162661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162661
Werner, H., Bapat, S., Schobesberger, M., Segets, D., & Schwaminger, S. P. (2021). Calcium oxalate crystallisation: Influence of pH, energy input, and supersaturation ratio on the synthesis of artificial kidney stones. ACS Omega, 6(39), 26566–26574. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03938
Yang, Y., Song, W., Ferrier, J., Liu, F., Csetenyl, L., & Gadd, G.M. (2020). Biorecovery of cobalt and nickel using biomass-free supernatants from Aspergillus niger. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 104, 417-425. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10241-2
Ye, C., Wang, Z., & Shen, Y. (2022). Preparation of iron-copper oxalates and oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 169, 064503. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac7259
Zeng, L., Deng, S., Yang, X., & Zhang, W. (2026). Valorisation of pyrite in coal refuse into battery-grade ferrous oxalate: A sustainable pathway. Chemical Engineering Journal, 534, 174699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.174699

Non-ferrous metal bioleaching from copper slag with a spent medium of sporosarcina ureae

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Irena Spasova

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg Corresponding author: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study is the indirect bioleaching of non-ferrous metals from pyrometallurgical copper slag containing 0.36% Cu, 1.93% Zn, and 0.09% Co using a spent culture medium from the bacterial strain Sporosarcina ureae CCM 981 with a pH of 9.43. Bioleaching was performed using the flask shaking technique at 150 rpm for 72 hours, yielding the best results for the extraction of copper (21.5%), zinc (21.2%), and cobalt (41.3%) at 55 °C and a pulp density of 7.5%. Iron and silicon co-leached, resulting in selectivity values of 0.307 and 0.98, respectively, for non-ferrous metal extraction from the copper slag sample under these experimental conditions.

Key words: bioleaching, non-ferrous metal, copper slag, selectivity

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2658

References

Abraham, A. P., & Shopf, S. (2026). Bioleaching as a biotechnological tool for metal recovery: from sewage to space mining. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 13, 01-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1712157
APHA. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (19^th ed.). American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C
Chiang, Y. W., Santos, R.M., Monballiu, A., Ghyselbrecht, K., Martnes, J. A., Mattos, M. L. T., Gerven, T. V., & Meeschaert, B. (2013). Effects of bioleaching on the chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of natural and waste-derived alkaline materials. Minerals Engineering, 48, 116-125. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2012.09.004
Coelho, M.A., Mesquita, A., Fusconi, R., Fernando, L., Roesch, W., & Ferreira, A. (2022). Ammonia volatilization and Sporosarcina genus abundance in an Oxisol enriched with urea, compost and biochar. Applied Soil Ecology, 176, 104494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104494
Deng, T., & Ling, Y. (2007). Processing of copper converter slag for metals reclamation. Part I: Extraction and recovery of copper and cobalt. Waste Management & Research, 25(5), 440-448. doi: 10.1177/0734242X07077613
Duarte- Nass, C., Rebolledo, K., Valenzela, T., Kopp, M., Jeison, D., Rivas, M., Azocar, L., Torres-Aravena, A., & Ciudad, G. (2020). Application of microbe-induced carbonate precipitation for copper removal from copper-enriched waters: challenges to future industrial application. Journal of Environmental Management, 256, 109938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109938
Dzinomwa, G., Mapani, B., Nghipulile, T., Maweja, K., Kurasha, J. T., Amwaama, M., & Chigayo, K. (2023). Mineralogical characterization of historic copper slag to guide the recovery of valuable metals: A Namibian case study. Materials, 16, 6126. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202307.2016.v1
Georgiev, P., Spasova, I., Groudeva, V., Nicolova, M., Lazarova, A., Iliev, M., Ilieva, R., & Groudev, S. (2017). Bioleaching of valuable components from a pyrometallurgical final slag. Solid State Phenomena, 262, 696 – 699. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.262.696
Georgiev, P., Nicolova, M., Spasova, M., Iliev, M., & Ilieva, R. (2025a). Non-ferrous metal bioleaching from pyrometallurgical copper slag using spent medium of different fungal species. Metals, 15(12), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15121359
Georgiev, P., Nicolova, M., & Spasova, I. (2025b). Biological leaching of non-ferrous metals from copper slag using a strain of silicate-solubilising bacteria. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials, 6, 19-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920762
Gu, T., Rastegar, S.O., Mousavi, S.M., L,i M., & Zhou, M. (2018). Advances in bioleaching for recovery of metals and bioremediation of fuel ash and sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 261, 428-440. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.033
Huang, X., Zhang, R., Cui, M., & Lai, H. (2022). Experimental investigation on bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated solution by Sporosarcina pasteurii under some complex conditions. Water, 14, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040595
Kang, C.-H., Shin, Y., Anbu, P., Nam, I.-H., & So, J.-S. (2016). Biosequestration of copper by bacteria isolated from an abandoned mine using microbial induced calcite precipitation. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 62, 206–212. doi 10.2323/jgam.2016.03.001
Kumar, V., Singh, G. & Dwivedi, S.K. (2023). Application of bioleaching for metal recovery. In Sillanpää, M.K.., Khadir, A., & Gurung, K. (Eds.), Resource Recovery in Industrial Waste Waters, 1^st ed.; Publisher: Elsevier, 2023, pp. 295-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95327-6.00033-6
Ma, L., Pang, A-. P., Luo, X., & Lin, F. (2020). Beneficial factors for biomineralization by ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii. Microbial Cell Factories, 19, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-1281-z
Mikoda, B., Potysz, A., & Kmiecik, E. (2019). Bacterial leaching of critical metal values from Polish copper metallurgical slags using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Journal of Environmental Management, 236, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.032
Phiri, T., Singh, P., & Nikoloski, A.N. (2022). The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy. A review – part I. Minerals Engineering, 180, 107474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107474
Prince, S., Young, J., Ma, G., & Young, C. (2016). Characterization and recovery of valuables from waste copper smelting slag. Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts 2016, 889-898.
Radmehr, V., Koleini, S. M. J., Khalesi, M. R., & Mohammadi, M. R. T. (2014). Ammonia leaching: a new approach of copper industry in hydrometallurgical processes. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, 94(2), 95–104. doi: 10.1007/s40033-013-0029-x
Ramanathan, T., & Peng, Y.-T. (2016). Alkaline bioleaching of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by autochthonous extremophiles. Chemosphere, 160, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.055
Rehmanji, M., Sceffington, A., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., & Newsome, L. (2025). Circular economy approaches to microbially-induced carbonate precipitation for bioprocessing of geothermal brine for lithium recovery. RSC Advances, 15, 43263-43.274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA06824J
Rezza, I., Salinas, E., Elorza, M., de Tosetti, M. S., & Donatti, E. (2001). Mechanisms involved in bioleaching of an aluminosilicate by heterotrophic microorganisms. Process Biochemistry, 36, 495-500. doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(00)00164-3
Wang, Z., Lu, X., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Zheng, M., & Hu, S. (2024). Ammonium-based bioleaching of toxic metals from sewage sludge in a continuous bioreactor. Water Research, 256, 121651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121651
Watkin E.L.J., Nancucheo, I., & Schippers, A. (2024). Editorial: Acidophile microbiology: from extreme environments to biotechnological applications. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1454559. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1454559
Weng, W., Lan, Y., Tang, D., Chen, H., Xia, J., Chen J., & Zhong, S. (2025). Acid leaching of copper from copper slag based on machine leaching analysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 379(3), 135025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135025
Willcher, S., & K. Bosecker (2003). Studies on the leaching behaviour of heterotrophic microorganisms isolated from an alkaline slag dump. Hydrometallurgy, 71(1), 257-264. doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00164-6
Whitworth, A. J., Vaughan, J., Southam, G., van der Ent, A., Nkrumah, P. N., Ma, X., & Parbhakar-Fox, A. (2022).Review on metal extraction technologies suitable for critical metal recovery from mining and processing wastes. Minerals Engineering, 182, 107537-107537. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107537
Yee, N., & Fein, J. (2001). Cd adsorption onto bacterial surfaces: a universal adsorption edge? Geochimica et. Cosmochimica Acta, 65(11), 2037-2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00587-7
Yin, S., Wang, L., Wu, A., Kabwe, E., Chen, X.,& Yan, R. (2018). Copper recycle from sulphide tailings using combined leaching of ammonia solution and alkaline bacteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 189, 746–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.116

Influence of the construction of a biosensor based on sediment microbial fuel cells on its sensitivity to WATERs contaminated with heavy metals

Rosen Ivanov

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia

Corresponding author: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) based biosensors can be a simpler and cheaper alternative to traditional methods for monitoring and early warning of water pollution with heavy metals. However, to make the transition from the laboratory to application in the environment, more research is needed on the influence, durability, and cost-effectiveness of their constructive elements. In the present study, three types of SMFC-based biosensors were constructed – with stainless steel electrodes without a separator, with graphite electrodes without a separator, and with graphite electrodes and a bentonite separator placed in the sediment. The last variant showed the highest sensitivity to the investigated pollutants – copper, chromium, nickel and zinc, as well as the highest correlation coefficient R² – over 0.99.

Key words: sediment microbial fuel cells, biosensor, real time monitoring, heavy metals

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2659

References

Abbas, S. Z., Choi, S. H., Bruck, W. M., Samannan, B., Jang, J. K,. & Kim, T. (2026). Basswood-anode soil microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for self-sustained and wide-ranged heavy metal detection, Bioresource Technology, 444, 134013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134013
Abbas, S., Wang, J., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Yong, Y. (2022). Recent advances in soil microbial fuel cells based self-powered biosensor. Chemosphere, 303, 135036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135036
Azri, Y. M., Sadi, M., Tou, I., Mehareb, F., Berouaken, A., & Tebbouche, L. (2026). Development of an eco-friendly and cost-effective biosensor for monitoring dissolved oxygen based on a ceramic-sediment microbial fuel cell, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 81, 109312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109312
Bose, D., Bhattacharya, R., Pillai, M., Ray, A., Kaur, T., Mondal, S., & Mondal, A. (2026). State-of-the-art review on sediment microbial fuel cells: evolution, innovations, challenges, scalability, and policy implications for sustainable development, Water-Energy Nexus, 9, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2025.12.005
Chauhan, N., Sah, N., Saxena, K., & Jain, U. (2025). A review on biosensor approaches for the detection of hazardous elements in water, Talanta Open, 12, 100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talo.2025.100536
Dai, Z., Yu, R., Zha, X., Xu, Z., Zhu, G., & Lu, X. (2021). On-line monitoring of minor oil spills in natural waters using sediment microbial fuel cell sensors equipped with vertical floating cathodes. Science of the Total Environment, 782, 146549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146549
Danhassan, U. A., Lin, H., Lawan, I., Zhang, X., Ali, M., Muhammad, A., & Sheng, K. (2023). Critical insight into sediment microbial fuel cell: Fundamentals, challenges, and perspectives as a barrier to black-odour water formation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11, 109098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.109098
Li, C., Li, X., Li, T., Su, Y., Zhong, W., Han, C., Jiang, Y., & Deng, H. (2024). Sediment microbial fuel cell monitoring repeated Cr(VI) shocks in different wetlands for a year: Performance and mechanism, Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142147
Liu, L., Lu, Y., Zhong, W., Meng, L., & Deng., H. (2020). On-line monitoring of repeated copper pollutions using sediment microbial fuel cell based sensors in the field environment, Science of the Total Environment, 748, 141544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141544
Nandy, A., Farkas, D., Pepio-Tarrega, B., Martinez-Crespiera, S., Borras, E., Avignone-Rossa, C., & Di Lorenzo, M. (2023). Influence of carbon-based cathodes on biofilm composition and electrochemical performance in soil microbial fuel cells. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 16, 100276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100276
Simeon, M., & Freitag, R. (2022). Influence of electrode spacing and fed-batch operation on the maximum performance trend of a soil microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 12304-123016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.110
Song, N., & Jiang, H. (2018). Effects of initial sediment properties on start-up times for sediment microbial fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43, 10082-10093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.082
Sun, F., Chen, J., Tang, M., & Yang, Y. (2024). Recent research progress, challenges and future directions of sediment microbial fuel cell: A comprehensive review, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 50, 870-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.112
Turker, O. C., & Yakar, A. (2025). Sediment-based microbial fuel cell sensor for detecting boron mine effluent pollution in aquatic habitats, Microchemical Journal, 218, 115355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.115355

Wang, C., & Jiang, H. (2019).  Real-time monitoring of sediment bulking through a multi-anode sediment microbial fuel cell as reliable biosensor, Science of the Total Environment, 697, 134009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134009

Wang, G., Yu, M., Xie, K., Zhao, R., Fu, Y., & Chen, T. (2019). Graphene modified polyacrylonitrile fibre as high-performance cathode for marine sediment microbial fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 438, 227002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227002

Wang, H., Ye, Y., Zhang, J., Ning, H., Xiang, Y., Song, X., Zhao, W., & Guo, F. (2023a). Power performance improvement in sediment microbial fuel cells: Recent advances and future challenges, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48, 24426-24446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.291

Wang, S., Wang, J., Zhao, L., Abbas, S., Yang, Z., & Yong, Y., (2023b). Soil microbial fuel cell based self-powered cathodic biosensor for sensitive detection of heavy metals, Biosensors, 13, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ bios13010145

Zhao, S., Liu, P., Niu, Y., Chen, Z., Khan, A., Zhang, P., & Li, X. (2018). A novel early warning system based on a sediment microbial fuel cell for in situ and real time hexavalent chromium detection in industrial wastewater, Sensors, 18, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020642

Study of Strength Reduction in Natural Stone under Repeated Non-Destructive Dynamic Loading

Valentyn Korobiichuk¹, Sergii Iskov¹, Vasyl Mamrai^1,2, Volodymyr Shamrai¹, Dmytro Bilobrov¹

¹Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, 10005 Zhytomyr, Ukraine; E-mail: korobiichykv@gmail.com, serga.iskov@ztu.edu.ua, vmamray@ztu.edu.ua, kgt_shvi@ztu.edu.ua, dimabelobrov86@gmail.com
² Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43100 Kütahya; E-mail: vmamray@gmail.com

Corresponding author: korobiichykv@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the reduction of strength in natural stone under repeated non-destructive dynamic loading, which is essential for assessing the suitability of deposits for selective extraction of block stone in crushed stone quarries. A laboratory testing methodology is proposed based on repeated impacts of a spherical striker on stone samples, simulating the development of tensile stresses and accumulation of microcracks in the rock mass. Numerical modelling using Ansys AUTODYN was applied to establish relationships between the impact kinetic energy and induced tensile stresses. Experimental studies were carried out on granite, gabbro, and labradorite samples from more than ten deposits in Ukraine. Strength degradation was evaluated using an ultrasonic method by measuring the propagation velocity of surface waves after each loading cycle. The results indicate that most rocks fail when their strength decreases by 11% to 41.5%. Based on the obtained data, natural stone was classified into three groups according to resistance to repeated dynamic loading: high, medium, and low durability. It was found that fatigue strength is significantly influenced by quartz content and rock structure. Coarse-grained rocks and those with a high content of accessory minerals exhibit lower resistance to cyclic loading. The practical significance of the study lies in predicting disturbed zones within quarry rock masses, which enables optimisation of block stone extraction.

Key words: natural stone, dynamic loading, fatigue strength, ultrasonic testing, selective extraction.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2660

References

Akesson, U., Stigh, J., Lindqvist, J. E., & Göransson, M. (2004). The influence of foliation on the fragility of granitic rocks, image analysis and quantitative microscopy. Engineering Geology, 73(3–4), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.003
Bagde N., & Petros V. (2005). Fatigue properties of intact sandstone samples subjected to dynamic uniaxial cyclical loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 42, 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.08.008
Bagde, M. N., & Petroš, V. (2009). Fatigue and dynamic energy behaviour of rock subjected to cyclical loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46(1), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.05.002
Korobiichuk, V. (2016). Study of ultrasonic characteristics of Ukraine red granites at low temperatures. International Conference on Systems, Control and Information Technologies, 653–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48923-0_69
Li, R., Zhu, J. B., Qu, H., Zhou, T., & Zhou, C. (2022). An experimental investigation on fatigue characteristics of granite under repeated dynamic tensions. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 158, 105185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105185
Momeni, A., Karakus, M., Khanlari, G.R., & Heidari, M. (2015). Effects of cyclic loading on the mechanical properties of a granite. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 77, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.03.029
Shadabfar, M., Gokdemir, C., Zhou, M., Kordestani, H., & Muho, E. V. (2021). Estimation of damage induced by single-hole rock blasting: a review on analytical, numerical, and experimental solutions. Energies, 14(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010029
Singh, S.K. (1989). Fatigue and strain hardening behaviour of graywacke from the flagstaff formation. New South Wales Engineering Geology, 26(2), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90005-7
State Committee of Ukraine for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy Kyiv (2004) Natural stone test methods – Determination of rupture energy (DSTU EN 14158:2004).
Stavrogin, A. N., & Tarasov, B. G. (2001). Experimental physics and rock mechanics [Monograph]. CRC Press, 356.
Vaneghi, G. R., Ferdosi, B., Okoth, A. D., & Kuek, B. (2018). Strength degradation of sandstone and granodiorite under uniaxial cyclic loading. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.09.005
Vasconcelos, G., Lourenço, P. B., Alves, C. A. S., & Pamplona, J. (2008). Ultrasonic evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of granites. Ultrasonics, 48(5), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2008.03.008
Xiao, J. Q., Ding, D. X., Jiang, F. L., & Xu, G. (2010). Fatigue damage variable and evolution of rock subjected to cyclic loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 47, 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.11.003
Yang, S., Nong, Z., Feng, X., Kan, J., Pan, D., & Qian, D. (2018). Experimental investigation of sandstone under cyclic loading: damage assessment using ultrasonic wave velocities and changes in elastic modulus. Shock and Vibration, 2018, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7845143
Yu, Z., Zhao, D., Tang, Q., & Wang, M. (2020). Experimental and numerical investigation of the fatigue behaviour and crack evolution mechanism of granite under ultra-high-frequency loading. Royal Society Open Science, 7(4), 200091. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200091
Zhou, T., Dong, S. L., Zhao, G. F., Zhang, R., Wu, S. Y., & Zhu, J. B. (2018). An experimental study of fatigue behaviour of granite under low-cycle repetitive compressive impacts. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 51(10), 3157–3166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1515-0

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS FOR URANIUM REMOVAL FROM MINE WATER: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ZERO-VALENT IRON NANOPARTICLES, CONVENTIONAL SORBENTS, AND FUNCTIONALISED MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS

Alexandre Loukanov^1,2

¹Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology, Department of Eng. Geoecology, University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, E-mail: a.loukanov@mgu.bg
²Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530 Japan, E-mail: loukanov@gunma-ct.ac.jp

ABSTRACT. Uranium contamination of mine water and groundwater represents a significant environmental challenge associated with mining activities, ore processing, and radioactive waste management. In this study, uranium removal from aqueous solutions was comparatively evaluated using zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs), ligand-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles, water works sludge (WWS), and apatite under near-neutral conditions. The results revealed substantial differences in uranium immobilisation behaviour among the investigated materials. Water works sludge and apatite exhibited rapid uranium removal and reached near-equilibrium within a relatively short period, whereas ZVINs demonstrated slower but sustained uranium uptake over extended reaction times. This behaviour suggests that uranium immobilisation in Fe⁰ systems is influenced by progressive nanoparticle aging and the formation of iron corrosion products. The observed trends are consistent with uranium immobilisation mechanisms previously reported for Fe⁰-based systems, including adsorption onto iron oxides and hydroxides, co-precipitation with corrosion products, and possible reductive transformation of U(VI). In addition, amino-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles coated with a silsesquioxane polymer exhibited effective uranium adsorption and enabled rapid magnetic separation from aqueous solutions. Treatment of a 0.040 M uranium solution reduced the uranium concentration to approximately 0.014 M after 24 h, corresponding to about 64–65% removal efficiency, whereas uncoated magnetic nanoparticles exhibited negligible adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption data analysed using the Langmuir model indicated adsorption behaviour consistent with a finite number of active binding sites and confirmed the affinity of the amino-functionalised surface toward uranyl species within the investigated concentration range. The comparative results demonstrate that iron-based nanomaterials, particularly magnetically recoverable systems, may provide useful approaches for uranium removal and recovery from contaminated water. Although the experiments were conducted under simplified laboratory conditions, the findings provide a basis for further investigations in more complex mine-water systems, including the effects of competing ions, pH variability, sorbent regeneration, and long-term stability of immobilised uranium species.

Key words: uranium removal; zero-valent iron nanoparticles; magnetic nanoparticles; uranium immobilisation; mine water remediation; iron corrosion products.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2661

References

Abdessamed, D., Jodar-Abellan, A., Ghoneim, S. S. M., Almaliki, A., Hussein, E. E., & Pardo, M. Á. (2023). Groundwater quality assessment for sustainable human consumption in arid areas based on GIS and water quality index in the watershed of Ain Sefra (SW of Algeria). Environmental Earth Sciences, 82(21), Article 510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11183-9
Afrikaner, L. C., Mapani, B., & Amwele, H. (2025). Groundwater in arid environments: A review of uranium occurrence and impacts. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 62, Article 102814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102814
Akash, S., Sivaprakash, B., Vadivel Raja, V. C., Rajamohan, N., & Muthusamy, G. (2022). Remediation techniques for uranium removal from polluted environment – Review on methods, mechanism and toxicology. Environmental Pollution, 302, Article 119068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119068
Anang, E., Hong, L., Fan, X., & Asamoah, E. N. (2022). Attapulgite supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in wastewater treatment and groundwater remediation: synthesis, application, performance and limitation. Environmental Technology Reviews, 11, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2021.2010131
Arahangelova, V., & Loukanov, A. (2023). Phytoremediation and extraction of colloidal contaminants from mine effluents through legume plants. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal (SEPRM), 4, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190823
Fu, W., Liu, Z., Yang, Z., Li, Y., & Pan, B. (2025). Confined iron-based nanomaterials for water decontamination: Fundamentals, applications, and challenges. Fundamental Research, 5(2), 612–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2023.07.011
Gheju, M. (2025). Mechanisms of contaminant removal with metallic iron (Fe0): A comprehensive and critical review. Separation and Purification Technology, 364(Part 3), Article 132503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.132503
Helal, A. S., Hémadi, M., Lomas, J. S., Ammar, S., Abdelhafiz, A., El-Sheikh, S. M., Sheta, S. M., Galanek, M., Hassan, M. H., Chang, J.-K., & Li, J. (2025). Uranium removal from environmental water and nuclear waste: Nanomaterial solutions and their environmental sustainability. Chemical Engineering Journal, 507, Article 160298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160298
Hua, Y., Li, D., Zou, J., Wang, W., Wu, X., Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Zhao, G., Li, M., Zhang, W-x., & Yang, J. (2023). Evolutional solid phase and solid-liquid interface uranium immobilisation mechanisms by nanoscale zero-valent iron and enhanced uranium stability control strategy. Chemical Engineering Journal, 453, 139924. 10.1016/j.cej.2022.139924
Kairullova, M., Bakhtin, M., Ilbekova, K., & Ibrayeva, D. (2026). Migration and accumulation of uranium-associated heavy metals in mining-affected ecosystems (water, soil, and plants). Biology, 15(6), Article 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15060502
Kong, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, M., Li, Z., Tan, Z., Xu, R., Tang, H., Chang, X., Xiong, Y., & Chen, D. (2016). Simultaneous reduction and adsorption for immobilisation of uranium from aqueous solution by nano-flake Fe-SC. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 320, 435–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.060
Li, Z.-J., Wang, L., Yuan, L.-Y., Xiao, C.-L., Mei, L., Zheng, L.-R., Zhang, J., et al. (2015). Efficient removal of uranium from aqueous solution by zero-valent iron nanoparticle and its graphene composite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 290, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.028
Lin, K., Wan, Y., Chang, H., Yu, H., Yang, H., & Qu, F. (2026). Advances and challenges in remediation technologies for uranium/radium-contaminated groundwater. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 12, 769–788. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EW00910C
Loukanov, A. (2025). Magnetic nanoparticle-assisted remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal (SEPRM), 6, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18922073
Loukanov, A., Udono, H., Takakura, R., Mladenova, P., Kobayashi, N., Kawamura, R., & Nakabayashi, S. (2017). Monitoring and extraction of uranium in polluted acid mine drainage by super-paramagnetic nanoparticles coated with carbon nanodots. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 314, 1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5471-z
Mahfouz, M. G., Galhoum, A. A., Gomaa, N. A., Abdel-Rehem, S. S., Atia, A. A., Vincent, T., & Guibal, E. (2015). Uranium extraction using magnetic nano-based particles of diethylenetriamine-functionalised chitosan: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 262, 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.061
Ngerem, E. C., Sanusi, I. A., Dalu, T., & Suinyuy, T. N. (2026). Sustainable acid mine drainage wastewater remediation: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis. Environmental Science Advances, 5(3), 681–710. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5va00266d
Riba, O., Scott, T. B., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., & Allen, G. C. (2008). Reaction mechanism of uranyl in the presence of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(16), 4047–4057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.041
Roberts, H., Morris, K., Law, G., Mosselmans, J., Bots, P., Kvashnina, K., & Shaw, S. (2017). Uranium(V) Incorporation Mechanisms and Stability in Fe(II)/Fe(III) (oxyhydr)Oxides. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4, 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00348
Sheng, G., Shao, X., Li, Y., Li, J., Dong, H., Cheng, W., Gao, X., & Huang, Y. (2014). Enhanced removal of uranium(VI) by nanoscale zerovalent iron supported on Na–bentonite and an investigation of mechanism. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 118(16), 2952–2958. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp412404w
Skierszkan, E. K., Dockrey, J. W., Helsen, J., Findlater, L.-L., Bataille, C. P., de Laplante, G., McBeth, J. M., Mayer, K. U., & Beckie, R. D. (2021). Persistence of uranium in old and cold subpermafrost groundwater indicated by linking 234U-235U-238U, groundwater ages, and hydrogeochemistry. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5(12), 3474–3487. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00307
Sun, Y.-P., Li, X.-Q., Cao, J., Zhang, W.-X., & Wang, H. P. (2006). Characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 120(1–3), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2006.03.001
Verma, Y., Verma, A., Bhaskaralingam, A., Dhiman, P., Wang, T., Kumar, A., & Sharma, G. (2025). Application of zero-valent iron and its derivatives in the removal of toxic metal ions from groundwater. Water, 17(10), Article 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101524
Wazne, M., Korfiatis, G. P., & Meng, X. (2003). Carbonate effects on hexavalent uranium adsorption by iron oxyhydroxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(16), 3619–3624. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034166m
Wu, R., Wang, X., He, S., Wu, M., Li, P., Show, P.-L., Han, P., Hamzah, M. H., Zhang, Y., & Chen, J. (2026). Robust immobilisation of uranium using biogenic FeS with lignocellulose from green plant waste. Chemical Engineering Journal, 528, Article 172352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.172352
Xiao, Y., Helal, A. S., Mozario, E., Mayoral, A. et al. (2023). Functionalized maghemite nanoparticles for enhanced adsorption of uranium from simulated wastewater and magnetic harvesting. Environmental Research, 216(2), 114569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114569
Zhang, X., Liu, X., Peng, Y., Wu, X., Tan, Y., Zeng, Q., Song, Z. & Li, M. (2022). Controllable shell corrosion of coated nanoscale zero valent iron induces long-term potentiation of its reactivity for uranium removal. Separation and Purification Technology, 287, 120550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120550
Zhao, X., Liu, W., Cai, Z., Fu, J., Duan, J., Zhao, D., Bozack, M.& Feng, Y. (2020). Reductive immobilisation of uranium by stabilised zero-valent iron nanoparticles: Effects of stabilisers, water chemistry and long-term stability. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 604, 125315. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125315
Zhu, N., Ji, H., Yu, P., Niu, J., Farooq, M. U., Akram, M. W., Udego, I. O., Li, H., & Niu, X. (2018). Surface modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 8(10), Article 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100810)

REHABILITATION AND RECONVERSION OF COAL MINING SITES: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY TRANSITION IN THE PERNIK REGION

Petar Petrov, Veneta Stefanova, Zhivko Vasilev, Stanimira Ivanova, Iva Stamenova-Yordanova, Elena Georgieva

University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria, petargpetrof@gmail.com, venistefanova3@gmail.com, zhivko.vasilev@mail.bg, ivanova.stanimiraa@gmail.com, ivastamenovaa@gmail.com, eli1307@abv.bg  

Corresponding author: zhivko.vasilev@mail.bg

ABSTRACT. This study assesses the rehabilitation and reconversion potential of coal mining sites in the Pernik region, Bulgaria, within the context of the energy transition and post-mining land-use planning. An integrated multi-criteria framework was applied, combining site inventory, regulatory review, spatial interpretation and expert-based assessment. The framework evaluates post-mining land according to geotechnical stability, contamination-related suitability, infrastructure accessibility, ecological suitability and land-use constraints. The analysis identifies a heterogeneous post-mining landscape, including ash disposal sites, spoil heaps, residual mining areas, underground mining zones and former industrial platforms. The results show that stabilised technogenic landforms are most suitable for controlled renewable energy applications, particularly photovoltaic development combined with containment and monitoring. Former industrial platforms demonstrate potential for industrial and energy-related reuse, while underground mining zones affected by subsidence and hidden voids require restricted use and long-term control. Lower-risk or partially restored sites are suitable for ecological restoration and nature-based solutions. Notably, two site groups with identical aggregate suitability scores lead to fundamentally different reconversion pathways depending on their underlying criterion profile, indicating that the framework should be applied as a profile-based screening tool rather than as a one-dimensional ranking. The proposed suitability-based framework supports decision-oriented planning by linking site-specific constraints with feasible reconversion pathways and contributes to the sustainable transformation of coal regions under transition.

 Key words: rehabilitation, mine closure, coal, Pernik.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2662

References

Council of Ministers (n.d.). National Concession Register. (in Bulgarian) Centralised electronic information system. https://nkr.government.bg/ (accessed on 08.06.2026)
Deshaies, M. (2020). Metamorphosis of mining landscapes in the Lower Lusatian lignite basin (Germany): New uses and new image of a mining region. Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale urbaine et paysagère, 7. doi:10.4000/craup.4018
Eastman, J. R., Weigen, J., Kyem, P. A. K., & Toledano, J. (1995). Raster procedures for multi-criteria ⁄ multi-objective decisions. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 61(5), pp. 539–547
European Commission. (2020). Toolkits for coal regions in transition. Platform for Coal Regions in Transition, Directorate-General for Energy. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/ener/items/678083
European Parliament and Council (2006). Directive 2006/21/EC on the management of waste from extractive industries. Official Journal of the European Union, L102, 15–34.
Executive Environment Agency (EEA). (n.d.). Inventory of closed mining waste facilities, inactive mines and quarries as part of the National Environmental Monitoring System (in Bulgarian): https://eea.government.bg/bg/nsmos/soil/opis-na-zakriti-saorazheniya-za-minni-otpadatsi.html
Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM). (2020). Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). https://globaltailingsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-industry-standard-on-tailings-management.pdf
ICMM (2019). Integrated mine closure: Good practice guide (2nd ed.).
https://hub.icmm. com/website/publications/ pdfs/environmental-stewardship/2019/guidance_integrated-mine-closure.pdf
IGF (2022). Mine closure: A toolbox for governments. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. https://www.igfmining.org/resource/
Kostadinova-Slaveva, A. G. (2026). Harakteristika na minnite otpadatsi ot vagledobivnata promishlenost i tyahnoto ekologosobrazno upravlenie [Characteristics of mining waste from the coal mining industry and their environmentally sound management]. Publishing House at the University of Forestry, Sofia (in Bulgarian).
LMBV (2020). Post-mining landscape development in Lusatia. Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH.
Malczewski, J. (2004). GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: A critical overview. Progress in Planning, 62(1), 3–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2003.09.002
Mandausová, K. (2021). Místo dolu jezero, hotel a rodinné domy. Sokolovská uhelná představuje svou vizi [Instead of a mine: a lake, a hotel and family houses. Sokolovská uhelná presents its vision]. Forbes Česko, 26 August 2021. https://forbes.cz/misto-dolu-jezero-hotel-a-rodinne-domy-sokolovska-uhelna-predstavuje-svou-vizi/.
Ministry of Energy. (2016). The concession agreement for the “Gladno pole” mining area in Pernik will not be extended (in Bulgarian). https://www.me.government.bg/bg/news/ koncesionniyat-dogovor-za-plosht-gladno-pole-v-grad-pernik-nyama-da-bade-udaljen-2231.html.
Ministry of Energy. (2026). Register of active concessions for extraction of underground resources (updated as of 17.03.2026) (in Bulgarian). https://www.me.government. bg/themes/koncesii-za-dobiv-735-1613.html
Ministry of Energy. (n.d.). List of closed and abandoned mining waste facilities under Article 22m(5) of the Subsurface Resources Act (1999, in Bulgarian). Available at: https://www.me.government.bg/bg/themes/spisak-na-zakritite-vklyuchitelno-i-naizostavenite-saorajeniya-za-minni-otpadaci-2158-0.html.
Ordinance No. 26 on the Reclamation of Disturbed Lands, Improvement of Low-Productivity Lands, and Removal and Utilization of the Humus Layer (State Gazette No. 89/1996, amended State Gazette No. 30/2002).
Ordinance on the Management of Mining Waste (State Gazette No. 5/2016, amended and supplemented in State Gazette No. 58/2019).
Pagouni, C., Pavloudakis, F., Kapageridis, I., & Yiannakou, A. (2024). Transitional and Post-Mining Land Uses: A Global Review of Regulatory Frameworks, Decision-Making Criteria, and Methods. Land 13, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13071051
Panayotov, K. (2024). Rekultivatsiya na Sgurootval „Sedmi Septemvri“: Otsenka i Preporaki [Rehabilitation of the “Sedmi Septemvri” Ash Disposal Site: Assessment and Recommendations]. Expert report. AgroVar SS Ltd. https://www.zazemiata.org/resources/rekultivatsiya-na-sgurootval-sedmi-septemvri/
PGE Górnictwo i Energetyka Konwencjonalna (PGE GiEK). (2022). Integrated Report 2021. Warsaw: PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A. https://raportzintegrowany2021.gkpge.pl/en/.
Prach, K., Řehounková, K., Lencová, K., Jírová, A., Konvalinková, P., Mudrák, O., Študent, V., Vaněček, Z., Tichý, L., Petřík, P., Šmilauer, P., & Pyšek, P. (2011). Vegetation succession in restoration of disturbed sites in Central Europe: The direction of succession and species richness across 19 series. Applied Vegetation Science, 14(2), 193–200. doi:10.1111/j.1654-109X.2010.01110.x
Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Water – Sofia (RIEW Sofia) (2021). Decision No. SO-97-PR/2021 concerning investment proposal for technical closure and rehabilitation of “7th September” ash disposal site (in Bulgarian).
Řehounková, K., & Prach, K. (2008). Spontaneous vegetation succession in gravel-sand pits: A potential for restoration. Ecological Engineering, 33(3–4), 305–312. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.006
River Basin Directorate “West Aegean Region”. (2024). Opinion on an investment proposal for “Technical liquidation and mitigation of the adverse impacts from the cessation of coal mining activities within the city of Pernik – Zone II, Klepalo district”. 16.09.2024. (in Bulgarian). https://wabd.bg/content/ wp-content/uploads/2024/09/%D0%9F-01-312-1.pdf
State Archives Agency. (2023). Archival records on mining activities in the Pernik coal basin (in Bulgarian). https://archives.government.bg/51
State Gazette. (2005). Decision No. 242 of 5 April 2005 for granting concession for coal extraction (in Bulgarian).
Subsurface Resources Act. (1999). Subsurface Resources Act (State Gazette No. 23/1999, last amended and supplemented in State Gazette No. 95/2025).
UNESCO. (2001). Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/975/
Vráblík, P., Vráblíková, J., & Wildová, E. (2019). Hydrological Mine Reclamations in the Anthropogenically Affected Landscape of North Bohemia. In M. Zelenakova, J. Fialová, & A. M. Negm (Eds.), Assessment and Protection of Water Resources in the Czech Republic (pp. 203–223). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18363-9_9
World Bank. (2018). Managing Coal Mine Closure: Achieving a Just Transition for All. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31020.

INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING UAV-BASED MINE SURVEYING ACCURACY

Dmytro Polischuk¹, Andrii Panasiuk¹, Vasyl Mamrai^1,2

¹ Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, 10005 Zhytomyr; E-mail: kgt_pds@ztu.edu.ua, kgt_pav@ztu.edu.ua, vmamray@gmail.com
² Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43100 Kütahya; E-mail: vmamray@gmail.com

Corresponding author: kgt_pav@ztu.edu.ua

ABSTRACT. The adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for mine surveying has increased significantly within the extractive industry due to their high operational efficiency, superior measurement accuracy, and reduced susceptibility to human error. The primary application of UAV-based surveying is the volumetric estimation of mined-out spaces and stockpile measurement at mining enterprises. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of flight altitude and weather conditions on the accuracy of UAV-assisted mine surveying, and to determine the optimal operational parameters for its implementation. The study was conducted at an amber deposit in the Korosten district. Surveying of the extracted rock mass was performed using a DJI Phantom 4 quadcopter at different flight altitudes under two meteorological conditions. Three repetitive measurements were carried out for each combination of parameters, yielding a total of 30 observations. The reference volume was obtained using a Sokkia 550RXL total station, with subsequent processing in Civil 3D, while UAV data were processed in Agisoft Metashape. The analysis demonstrated that all investigated survey configurations produce deviations within the permissible error tolerance for mine surveying operations. The key factors affecting UAV-based surveying accuracy were identified, and the optimal flight altitude and meteorological conditions were established. The objectivity of the images obtained and the automation of processing ensure high quality results when using UAVs.

Keywords: mine surveying, UAV, photogrammetry, flight altitude, survey accuracy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2663

References

Arroyo-Mora, J. P., Kalacska, M., Løke, T., Schläpfer, D., Coops, N. C., Lucanus, O., & Leblanc, G. (2021). Assessing the impact of illumination on UAV pushbroom hyperspectral imagery collected under various cloud cover conditions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 261, 112480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112396
Burdziakowski, P. (2021). UAV photogrammetry under poor lighting conditions — Accuracy considerations. Sensors, 21(10), 3531. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103531
Hajjar, M., Zappa, E., & Bolzon, G. (2025). The state of the art and potentialities of UAV-based 3D measurement solutions in the monitoring and fault diagnosis of quasi-brittle structures. Sensors, 25(16), 5134. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165134
Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017). Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 91, 99–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.04.003
Jarahizadeh, S., & Salehi, B. (2024). A comparative analysis of UAV photogrammetric software performance for forest 3D modelling: A case study using AgiSoft Photoscan, PIX4DMapper, and DJI Terra. Sensors, 24(1), 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010286
Kozuba, J., Marcisz, M., & Maliszewski, Ł. (2025). Influence of cloud cover and light intensity on the quality of photographic material obtained during nadir photogrammetric flights. Transport Problems, 20(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.20858/tp.2025.20.1.04
Lee, S., & Choi, Y. (2016). Reviews of unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) technology trends and its applications in the mining industry. Geosystem Engineering, 19(4), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2016.1162115
Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry (2018) Order No. 604, Ukraine.
Nguyen, Q. L., Goyal, R., Bui, K. L., Le, V. C., Cao, X. C., Pham, V. C., Bui, N. Q., & Bui, X.-N. (2020). Influence of flight height on the accuracy of UAV-derived digital elevation model at complex terrain. Inżynieria Mineralna, 1, 101–127. https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2020-01-27
Polishchuk, D. S., Panasyuk, A. V., & Kalchuk, S. V. (2025). Optymizatsiia marshrutiv polotiv pry obrobtsi danykh za dopomohoiu prohramnoho zabezpechennia Agisoft Metashape [Optimisation of flight routes in data processing using Agisoft Metashape software]. Tekhnichna Inzheneriia, 1(95), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.26642/ten-2025-1(95)-206-211
Pomortseva, O., Kobzan, S., & Steshenko, P. (2022). Processing of geodesic data obtained with the help of UAVs. Collection of Scientific Papers ΛΌГOΣ, 162–165. https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-16.09.2022.47
Ren, H., Zhao, Y., Xiao, W., & Hu, Z. (2019). A review of UAV monitoring in mining areas: Current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 6(3), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-019-00264-5
Shahmoradi, J., Talebi, E., Roghanchi, P., & Hassanalian, M. (2020). A comprehensive review of applications of drone technology in the mining industry. Drones, 4(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones4030034
Szypuła, B. (2024). Accuracy of UAV-based DEMs without ground control points. GeoInformatica, 28, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-023-00498-1
Zapico, I., Laronne, J. B., Sánchez Castillo, L., & Martín Duque, J. F. (2021). Improvement of workflow for topographic surveys in long highwalls of open pit mines with an unmanned aerial vehicle and structure from motion. Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3353. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173353

INTENSIFICATION OF THE PROCESS OF BENEFICIATION OF MINERALS BY VIBRATION-IMPACT ACTIVATION

Yu. Svietkina, O. V. Fedoskina

 Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
Emails: svietkina.o.y@nmu.one,  fedoskina.ev@gmail.com
Corresponding author: svietkina.o.y@nmu.one

ABSTRACT. Experimental data are presented on the use of vertical vibrating mills (MVV) for the preparation of mineral feedstock for the beneficiation process. The influence of optimising the vibro-impact loading process on the parameters of the mineral beneficiation process is examined. Galena (PbS) was selected as the experimental sample. This is because the surface energy characteristics of PbS depend on the number and nature of defects in the crystal lattice, which is a key feature of material activation in MVV. The relationship between the degree of liberation (f) and the technological parameters of grinding in the vibro-mill (vibro-impact loading dose (D) and collision velocity (V_imp)) is demonstrated. It has been found that even a slight change in the interplanar distances between atoms in the crystal lattice and the presence of a small number of impurity atoms of a foreign element significantly affect the chemical and adsorption activity of this mineral particle with respect to the components of the pulp’s liquid phase and, ultimately, — the flotation activity.

Key words: mechanochemistry, beneficiation, vertical vibrating mill, galena

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/MPIG2664

References
Anciferov, A., & Draban, D. (2011). Raschet tehnologicheskih rezhimov vertikalnoj vibracionnoj melnicy [Calculation of operating parameters for a vertical vibrating mill]. Vibracii v tehnike i tehnologiyah, 2 (62), 59 – 60 (in Russ.).
Andrić, L., Živanović, D., & Milošević, S. (1999). Change of the physical — chemical characteristics of the materials by mechanical activation. In: Stojanović, B.D., Skorokhod, V.V., & Nikolić, M.V. (eds) Advanced Science and Technology of Sintering. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8666-5_27
Bakil, S.N.A., Dibrova, S., Breitung-Faes, S., & Mucsi, G. (2025). Optimizing coal gangue reactivity for geopolymer applications: A comprehensive study on high-energy grinding parameters, Powder Technology, 466, 121441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121441
Bond, F. C. (1961). Crushing and Grinding Calculations, British Chemical Engineering, 6, 378-385. https://www.911metallurgist.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/ 11/Bond-F-C-1961-Crushing-and-Grinding-Calculations.pdf
Bouchard, J., LeBlanc, G., Levesque, M., Radziszewski, P., & George-Filteau, D. (2017). Breaking down energy consumption in industrial grinding mills. Canadian Mineral Processors Conference. 17-19 January 2017, Ottawa, Canada.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 315148304_Breaking_down_energy_consumption_in_industrial_grinding_mills
Butyagin, P., & Pavlichev, I. (1986) Determination of energy yield of mechanochemical reactions. Reactivity of Solids, 1, Issue 4, 361-372, ISSN 0168-7336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-7336(86)80027-4
Corlett, C.A., Frontzek, M.D., Obradovic, N., Watts, J.L. & Fahrenholtz, W.G. (2022). Mechanical activation and cation site disorder in MgAl₂O₄. Materials, 15(18), 6422.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186422
Elbendari, A.M., & Ibrahim, S.S. (2025). Optimizing key parameters for grinding energy efficiency and modelling of particle size distribution in a stirred ball mill. Scientific Reports, 15, 3374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87229-8
Franchuk, V. P. (2010). Vybratsyonnaia tekhnyka v malykh proyzvodstvakh [Vibration technology in small industries]. Geo-Technical Mechanics, 85, 290-296 (in Russ.).
Kondratets, V., Matsui, A., Yatsun, V., & Lichuk, M. (2019). Identification of energy efficiency of ore grinding and the liner wear by a three-phase motion of balls in a mill. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3(5 (99), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.167046
Korkmaz, A.V., & Kayıran, H.F. (2022). Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements. Open Chemistry, 20(1), 1029-1044. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0217
Loudari, C., Cherkaoui, M., Harraki, I. E., Bennani, R., Adnani, M. E., Abdelwahed, L. H., Benzakour, I., Bourzeix, F., & Baina, K. (2025). Optimization of grinding mill parameters using genetic algorithms for energy efficiency in mining industry. Journal of Mining and Environment (JME) 16 (6), 1867-1879 https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2025.15869.3095
Ma, S., Li, H., Shuai, Z., Yang, J., Deng, X., & Xu, W. (2022b) Research on grinding law and grinding parameters optimization of polymetallic complex ores. Minerals, 12 (10), 1283.  https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101283
Ma, S., Li, H., Shuai, Z., Yang, J., Xu, W., & Deng, X. (2022a) Research on grinding characteristics and comparison of particle-size composition prediction of rich and poor ores. Minerals, 12(11), 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ min12111354
Malyarov, P., & Kuzminyh, A. (2008). Otsenka-effektivnosti-izmelcheniya-i-raspredeleniya-potreblyaemoy-energii-mezhdu-stadiyami-izmelcheniya [Efficiency assessment of the grinding process and distribution of energy consumption across the grinding stages]. Izvestiya vuzov. Severo-Kavkazskij region. Seriya: Tehnicheskie nauki. 2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otsenka-effektivnosti-izmelcheniya-i-raspredeleniya-potreblyaemoy-energii-mezhdu-stadiyami-izmelcheniya (in Russ.)
Malyarov, P., Sysoev, N., Manaka, V., Mironova, S., & Braginec, I. (2012). Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya tehniki i tehnologii v izmelchitelnyh otdeleniyah obogatitelnyh fabric [The modern state and prospects for the development of machinery and technology in the crushing departments of mineral processing plants]. Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Severo-Kavkazskij region. Tehnicheskie nauki, (2), 96-101. (in Russ.). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-perspektivy-razvitiya-tehniki-i-tehnologii-v-izmelchitelnyh-otdeleniyah-obogatitelnyh-fabrik
Mañosa, J., Alvarez-Coscojuela, A., Maldonado-Alameda, A., & Chimenos, J.M. (2024). A lab-scale evaluation of parameters influencing the mechanical activation of kaolin using the design of experiments. Materials, 17(18), 4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184651
Nkadimeng, M., Manono, M.S., & Corin, K.C. (2023). Developing a relationship between ore feed grade and flotation performance. Engineering Proceedings, 37, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECP2023-14651
Őze, C, & Makó, É. (2023). Optimization of grinding parameters for the mechanochemical activation of kaolin with the addition of trass. Minerals, 13(7), 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070915
Shan, Z., Jiugang, H., Chenhu, Z, Song, L., & Na, A. (2022). Study on optimization and mechanism of mechanical activation process of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 19, 3130-3144, ISSN 2238-7854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.038.
Stamboliadis, E., Emmanouilidis, S., & Petrakis, E. (2011). A new approach to the calculation of work index and the potential energy of a particulate material. Geomaterials, 1(2), 28-32. DOI: 10.4236/gm.2011.12005
Svetkina, E. (2008). Parametry optimizacii processa vibroudarnoj aktivacii  [Optimization parameters for the vibro-impact activation process] Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho hirnychoho universytetu, 11, 58 – 60 (in Russ.).
Svietkina, O., Bas K., Haddad, J., Ziborov, K., Olishevska, V. (2020). Mechanochemical Activation of Polymetallic Ore and Further Selective Floatation, Key Engineering Materials, 844, 65-76. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland. https://www.scientific.net/Paper/Preview/548983
Vugrin, L., Carta, M., Lukin, S., Meštrović, E., Delogu, F., & Halasz, I. (2023). Mechanochemical reaction kinetics scales linearly with impact energy. Faraday Discussions, 241, 217-229. DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/D2FD00083K
Wentao, Z., Yuexin, H., Yanjun, L., Jinlin, Y., Shaojian, M., & Yongsheng, S. (2020). Research on prediction model of ore grinding particle size distribution. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 41(4), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2019.1592688

PROPHYLACTIC APPROACH TO SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN LINKAGE WITH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Alexander Brodt
Eco-Safe Mining Corp., 510 Reeves Drive, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
Corresponding author: alexander.brodt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Existing technologies for developing ore deposits lead to irrational energy costs for delivering empty rock as part of the ore to the surface, while the content of the target component in the extracted raw material can be hundredths of a percent, not to mention the environmental damage from placing dump waste in the open air. A process of underground processing of rock mass is proposed, based on grinding of ore in an artificial liquid with intermediate density between the target and waste components. Herewith ballast minerals are automatically freed from intergrowths with valuable components by floating up during milling. This prevents the irrational expenditure of most of the energy on unjustified grinding of the main constituent of ore. As a result of the proposed treatment, when mining ores of most metals, the weight of the rock mass brought to the surface decreases by 7…10 times, whereas when mining gold, this reduction can reach hundred-fold. Thus, the reduction of the volume of cargo lifted onto the earth’s surface is the second factor in reducing energy costs in mining.
Key words: interaction of the mining industry with the environment, methods of ore-dressing, underground conditions.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920560 

References

Argus Non-Ferrous Markets. (2025, February 27), News and analyses, Issue 25-41. p.14, argusmedia.com
Baines, J., Bell, T. & Grigg, N. (2017), Underground mineral processing – Gekko Systems modular Python, in M Hudyma & Y Potvin (Eds), Underground Mining Technology 2017: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Underground Mining Technology, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, Australia, (pp. 625-635). https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1710_51_Bell
Bamber, A., Klein, B., Morin, M. & Scoble, M.J., Reducing selectivity in narrow vein mining through the integration of underground pre-concentration, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mining Techniques of Narrow-Vein Deposits. CANMET/CIM, 2004, Toronto, Canada (pp. 92-103).
Bondarenko, V., Kovalevska, I., Illiashov, M. & Pivnyak, G. (Eds.) (2012). Geomechanical Processes during Underground Mining, CRC Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13157
Bouaziz, M. & Benndorf, J. (2024). Remote monitoring of land degradation in the mining context: an updated review focusing on potentials and challenges. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 9, 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-024-00479-2
Brodt, A. & Sitko, K. A. (1988). Sposob mokrogo izmel’cheniya rudy. Patent SSSR № 1445786, Patented on December 23, 1988. (in Russian) https://patents.su/4-1445786-sposob-mokrogo-izmelcheniya-rud.html
Brodt, A. & Zhikhor, E., King Solomon Mines: Rise from the Ashes of Millennium. Proceedings of XV Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, 12-16 June, 2013, Sozopol, Bulgaria, (pp. 1270-1271).
European Commission. (2023). Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2023 – Final Report. Publication Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/57318397-fdd4-11ed-a05c-01aa75ed71a1 (accessed on 25 May 2025)
Gajda, D., Lutyński, M. & Kujawska, M. (2018). Substitution of magnetite in dense medium separation by zinc-lead waste. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 427, Article 012036 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/427/1/012036
Ghorbani, Y., Nwaila, G. T., Zhang, S. E., Bourdeau, J. E., Cánovas, M., Arzua, J. & Nikadat, N. (2023). Moving towards deep underground mineral resources: Drivers, challenges and potential solutions. Resources Policy, 80, Article 103222,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103222
Grobler, J. D., Sandenbergh, R. F. & Pistorius, P.C. (2002).  The stability of ferrosilicon dense medium suspensions. The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, March 83-86. https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v102n02p083.pdf
Hughes, T. & Grigg, N., The Python – an underground processing plant for narrow vein mining. Proceedings of Narrow Vein Mining Conference, 14-15 October, 2008, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (pp. 105-110). https://www.proceedings.com/content/034/034568webtoc.pdf
Hughes, T. & Cormack, G. Potential benefits of underground processing for the gold sector – conceptual process design and cost benefits, Proceedings of the First International Future Mining Conference and Exhibition 2008, 19 – 21 November, 2008, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (pp. 135-142).
Klein, B., Dunbar, W. S. & Scoble, M. (2002). Integrating mining and mineral processing for advanced mining systems. CIM Bulletin, 95(1057), 63-68.
Klein, B., Hall, R., Scoble, M. & Dunbar, W.S. (2003). Simulation of integrated underground mining-processing. Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Minerals Industries, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 481-486.
Klochko, K. (2024). Antimony. U.S. Geological Survey: In U.S. Geological Survey 2024, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024, US Geological Survey, pp. 34–35. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2024
Koppelaar, R. H. E. M. & Koppelaar, H. (2016). The Ore Grade and Depth Influence on Copper Energy Inputs. Biophysical Economics and Sustainability, 1(11), 2-16, DOI 10.1007/s41247-016-0012-x
Lane, G., Fountain, C. & La Brooy, S., Developments in processing to match future mining opportunities.  Proceedings of the First International Future Mining Conference and Exhibition 2008, 19 – 21 November, 2008, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (pp. 221-227).
Marian, D. P. & Onica, I. (2021). Analysis of the Geomechanical Phenomena That Led to the Appearance of Sinkholes at the Lupeni Mine, Romania, in the Conditions of Thick Coal Seams Mining with Longwall Top Coal Caving. Sustainability 13, Article 6449. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116449

Mononen, T., Kivinen, S., Kotilainen, J. M. & Leino, J. (2022). Social and environmental impacts of mining activities in the EU. European Union, doi: 10.2861/804163 | QA-08-22-131-EN-N http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses

Schropp, C., Wotruba, H., Dammers M. & Robben, C. Synergy effects of resource to product integration on the mining process, Proceedings of the XXVII Mineral Processing Congress, 20-24 October, 2014, Santiago, Chile (pp. 57-65).

Starostin, V. I. (2001). Mineral and raw material resources of the world in the 3-rd millennium. Soros educational journal, Starostin, V. I. (2001). Mineralno-syrevye resursy mira v tretem tysiacheletii, Sorovskii Obrazovatetelnyi zhurnal, 7(6), 48-55.

The Deepest Mines in the World. https://www.miningvisuals.com/post/the-deepest-mines-in-the-world (accessed on 21.06.2025)

Vakulov, Y.V. (1999). State of the issue of determining the production capacity of mines. Mining information and analytical bulletin (scientific and technical journal), 7, 107-108.

Watari, T., Nansaic, K. & Nakajima, K. (2021). Major metals demand, supply, and environmental impacts to 2100: A critical review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 164, Article 105107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105107

MULTIBODY SIMULATION OF A JAW CRUSHER
Peter Eitz, Thomas Zinke, Holger Lieberwirth
Institute for Mineral Processing Machines and Recycling Systems Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Lampadiusstraße 4, Freiberg, Germany;
E-mail: Peter.Eitz@iart.tu-freiberg.de
Corresponding author: Peter.Eitz@iart.tu-freiberg.de

ABSTRACT. A jaw crusher is one of the most important machines in the field of hard material crushing and is used in the processing industry. This paper presents the possibility of modelling a real jaw crusher as a virtual model. The objective is to test a machine without time-consuming and costly experiments using real prototypes. Instead, simulations with a virtual prototype can predict the machine’s behaviour. A multi-body simulation is particularly suitable for simulating machines with moving components. The method of multibody simulation is analysed in relation to the development process and operation of a pendulum jaw crusher. With the model depicted in the simulation environment, studies on the design of a jaw crusher are conducted. The results are compared with values from empirical and analytical calculations. It is possible to analyse the kinematics and forces at any point on the crusher with the created model. Selected scenarios, such as the retraction mechanism and the stroke, were analysed.
Key words: jaw crusher, multibody simulation, digitalisation

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920661

References

Eitz, P., Zinke, T., & Lieberwirth, H. (2024). Multiphysics Simulation of a Vertical Roller Mill in Matlab®/Simulink®. Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 169, 421–430. DOI: 10.1007/s00501-024-01496-y.
Falkner, P., Fimbinger, E., & Flachberger, H. (2023). Optimierung einer Siebanlage mittels Mehrkörpersimulation – Status quo und Ausblick. Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 168, 163–174 (in German). DOI: 10.1007/s00501-023-01335-6.
Feist, R. & Preljević, D. (2018). Virtuelle Inbetriebnahme von Sondermaschinen unter Verwendung von Simscape Methoden. MathWorks. Achenbach Buschhütten. https://www.mathworks.com/content/dam/mathworks/mathworks-dot-com/images/events/matlabexpo/de/2018/virtual-commissioning-of-special-machines-using-simscape-methods.pdf, (in German) Accessed 04 May 2025
Fladvad M. & Onnela, T. (2020). Influence of jaw crusher parameters on the quality of primary crushed aggregates, Minerals Engineering, 151, Article 106338. DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106338
Höffl, K. (1994). Zerkleinerungs- und klassiermaschinen. Hannover: Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt (in German).
Johansson M., Bengtsson M., Evertsson M. & Hulthén E. (2017). A fundamental model of an industrial-scale jaw crusher, Minerals Engineering, 105, 69–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2017.01.012
Legendre, D. & Zevenhoven, R. (2014). Assessing the energy efficiency of a jaw crusher. Energy, 74, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.036
Luo Z.H., Li S.H. (2012). Optimisation design for crushing mechanism of double toggle jaw crusher, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 201–202, 312–316. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.201-202.312
Oduori M.F., Mutuli S.M. & Munyasi D.M. (2017). The kinematics and mechanical advantage of the double-toggle jaw crusher. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 232(18), 3325-3336. doi:10.1177/0954406217735555
Reifert, L. (1996). The dimensioning of jaw crushers. ZKG International, 49(7), 372-377.
Sczelina, P. (2018). New low-vibration jaw crusher increases performance of crushing plants, AT Mineral Processing Europe, 59, 52-58.
Szczelina, P. (2000). Auslegung von Backenbrechern durch Modellierung des Körnerverhaltens. (Dissertation).  Fakultät für Maschinenbau Verfahrens- und Energietechnik der TU Bergakademie Freiberg (in German).

BIOLOGICAL LEACHING OF NON-FERROUS METALS FROM COPPER SLAG USING A STRAIN OF SILICATE-SOLUBILISING BACTERIA
Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Irena Spasova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg Corresponding author: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. This study aims at the recovery of non-ferrous metals from pyrometallurgy copper slag enriched in diopside, fayalite, and protomangano-ferro-anthophyllite and containing 0.36 % copper, 1.93 % zinc, and 0.09 % cobalt by bioleaching with silicate-solubilising strain Bacillus megaterium CCM 3360. Two techniques of bioleaching were applied: (i) direct one-step bioleaching, where the bacterial strain was cultivated in an Ashby medium and the presence of copper slag; (ii) indirect bioleaching of copper slag with spent medium obtained after separation of the bacterial cells. The results revealed that 5 % pulp density was the optimal out of the tested pulp densities (5-10%), as 15 days was the optimal duration for the direct bioleaching and 3 days for the indirect technique. The formation of biofilm on the surface of copper slag particles was the primary mechanism of the leaching of non-ferrous metals, and their recovery was between 41.7-48.7%. Indirect leaching with bacterial metabolites played a secondary role in base metals leaching.
Keywords: copper slag, Bacillus, bioleaching, silicate bacteria

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920762

References

Adetunji, A., Oberholster, P. & Erasmus, M. (2023). Bioleaching of metals from e-waste using microorganisms: a review. Minerals, 13, Article 828 doi: 10.3390/min13060828
Aminian-Dehcordi, J., Mousavi, S., Marashi, S., Jafari, A., & Mijakovic, I. (2020). A system-based approach for cyanide overproduction by Bacillus megaterium for gold bioleaching enhancement. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, Article 528 doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00528
Arseneaux, J., Boutwell, M. & Byers, B. (1984). Enhancement of copper toxicity by siderophores in Bacillus megaterium. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 25(5), 650-652 doi:10.1128/aac.25.5.650
Bishop, A, Douglas, S., Dorr, P. & White, P. (1993). Components of the wall and capsule of Bacillus megaterium NCIB 7581. Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 2723-2730 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-139-11-2723
Constantin, M., Negut, C.D., Barna, C., Cimpeanu, C. & Ardelean, I.I. (2016). Isolation and identification of soil bacteria able to efficiently remove copper from culture mediums. Romanian Journal of Physics, 61, (3-4), 707-717.
Cornell, R.M. & Schwertmann, U. (2004). The iron oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and uses. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim doi:10.1002/3527602097
Cui, X., Wang, X., Li, Y., Lu, A., Xao, R., Wang, C. & Ding, H. (2015). Bioleaching of a complex Co-Ni-Cu sulphide flotation concentrate by Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 at neutral pH. Geomicrobiology Journal, 33(8), 734-741 doi: 10.1080/01490451.2015.1085470
Cruz, J.A., Tubana, B.S., Fultz, L.M., Dalen, M.S. & Ham, J.H. (2022). Identification and profiling of silicate-solubilising bacteria for plant promoting traits and rhizosphere competence. Rhizosphere, 23, Article 100566 doi: 10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100566
Georgiev, P., Spasova, I., Groudeva, V., Nicolova, M., Spasova, I., Lazarova, A., Iliev, M., Ilieava, R. & Groudev, S. (2017). Bioleaching of valuable components from a pyrometallurgical final slag. Solid State Phenomena, 262, 696-699 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.262.696
Gorai, B., Jana, R.K. & Premchand (2003). Characteristics and utilisation of copper Slag—A Review. Resource Conservation and Recycling, 39, 299-313 doi: 10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00171-4
Georgiev, P., Nicolova, M., Spasova, I., Iliev, I. & Ilieva, R. (2025). Copper slag bioleaching by fungal species Aspergillus niger and Penicillium ochrochloron. (in publishing).
Groudev, S.N. (1987). Use of heterotrophic microorganisms in mineral biotechnology. Acta Biotechnologica, 7(4), 299-306 doi: 10.1002/abio.370070404
Groudeva, V., Krumova, K. & Groudev, S. (2007). Bioleaching of a rich-in-carbonate copper ore at alkaline pH. Advanced Materials Research, 20-21, 103-106 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.20-21.103
Gu, T., Rastegar, S.O., Mousavi, S.M., Li, M. & Zhou, M. (2018). Advances in bioleaching for recovery of metals and bioremediation of fuel ash and sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology 261, 428-440 doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.033
Guzman-Moreno, J., Garcia-Ortega, L., Saucedo, L., Rivas-Noriega, P., Ramirez-Santoyo, R., Sanchez-Calderon, L., Quiroz-Serrano, I. & Vidales-Rodriguez, L. (2022). Bacillus megaterium HgT21: A promising metal multi-resistant plant-growth promoting bacteria for soil biorestoration. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(5), 1-21 doi:10.1128/spectrum.00656-22
Hur, A., Saoudi, M., Ferhout, H., Mzali, L., Taillandier, P. & Boujila, J. (2024). Bacillus megaterium: Evaluation of chemical nature of metabolites and their antioxidant and agronomics properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, Article 3235 doi: 10.3390/ijms25063235
Ikeda, T. (2021). Bacterial biosilicification: a new insight into the global silicon cycle. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 85(6), 1324-1331 doi: 10.1093/bbb/zbab069
Kaksonen, A.H., Särkijärvi, S., Puhakka, J.A., Peuraniemi, E., Junnikkala, S. & Tuovinen, O.H. (2016). Chemical and bacterial leaching of metals of from a smelter slag in acid solutions Hydrometallurgy,159, 46-53. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.10.032
Karmakar, D., Magotra, S., Negi, R., Kumar, S., Rastagi, S., Singh, S., Rai, A., Kour, D. & Yadav, A. (2024). Bacillus species for sustainable management of heavy metals in soils: current research and future challenges. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 12(2), 22-35 doi:10.7324/JABB.2024.157765
Nasab, M.H., Noaparast, M., Abdolhali, H. & Amoozegar, M.A. (2020) Indirect bioleaching of Co and Ni from iron rich laterite ore, using metabolic carboxylic acids generated by P. putida, P. koreensis, P. bilaji and A. niger. Hydrometallurgy, 193, Article 105309. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105309
Potysz, A., van Hullebusch, E.D., Kierczak, J., Grybos, M., Lens, P.N.L.& Guibaud, G. (2015). Copper Metallurgical Slags – Current Knowledge and Fate: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45(22), 2424–2488 doi:10.1080/10643389.2015.1046769
Raturi, G., Sharma, Y., Rana, V., Thakral, V., Myaka, B., Salvi, P., Singh, M., Dhar, H. & Deshmukh, R. (2021). Exploration of silicate solubilising bacteria for sustainable agriculture and silicon biogeochemical cycle. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 166, 827-838 doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.039
Rivas-Castillo, A., Mejia-Escobedo, Y. & Rojas-Avelizapa, N. (2018). Study of Bacillus megaterium potential application for high metal content residues biotreatment. Open Journal of Bacteriology, 2(1), 004-008 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojb.000007
Styriakova, I., Styriak, I. & Sasvari, T. (2004). Extraction of elements from sulphide and silicate concentrates by selected Bacillus isolate. Metalurgija, 43(4), 293-297 https://hrcak.srce.hr/128111.
Vasanthi, N., Saalena, L.M. & Anthoni, R.S. (2018). Silica solubilisation potential of certain bacterial species in the presence of different silicate minerals. Silicon, 10(2), 267-275. doi:10.1007/s12633-016-9438-4

 INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF WAELZ SLAG
Angel Iliev1, Nikolai Gogov1, Daniela Grigorova1, Gyunver Hodjaoglu2
1 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridsky blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: d.dimitrova@uctm.edu
2 Institute of Physical Chemistry “Acad. R. Kaischew”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., block 11, 1113 Sofia; E-mail: gyunver@ipc.bas.bg
Corresponding author: d.dimitrova@uctm.edu

ABSTRACT. Waelz slag is a by-product generated during the high-temperature treatment of various zinc containing metallurgical residues in rotary kilns, most commonly through the Waelz process. This study focuses on the comprehensive characterisation of three types of Waelz slag (WS), each generated as a by-product of zinc extraction from a distinct processing route employing different charge materials: electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), zinc cakes from hydrometallurgical leaching, and lead smelting slags treated pyrometallurgically. The aim was to assess their potential for sustainable utilisation. The analyses included chemical composition, particle size distribution, phase identification through X-ray diffraction (XRD), and morphological assessment via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Magnetic separation and density measurements were also performed to evaluate the material’s processability. The results revealed significant variations in elemental composition, grain size distribution, porosity, and magnetic behaviour among the samples. High iron and calcium contents suggest potential applications in metallurgy and cement production, while elevated porosity and silicate content support possible use in construction materials. These investigations provide a foundation for the development of targeted recycling strategies in line with circular economy principles, reducing the need for landfill disposal and enabling the valorisation of industrial by-products.
Key words: Waelz slag; clinker, electric arc furnace dust; iron, structure.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920863

References 

 Abbà, A., Sorlini, S. & Collivignarelli, M.C. (2017). Research experiences on the reuse of industrial waste for concrete production. MATEC Web of Conferences, 121, Article 10001.  https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712110001.
Barna, R., Bae, H.R., Méhu, J., Van der Sloot, H., Moszkowicz, P. & Desnoyers, C. (2000). Assessment of chemical sensitivity of Waelz slag. Waste Management, 20(2–3), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(99)00310-4
Barella, M., Pagnanelli, F. & Toro, L. (2014). Laboratory investigation of Waelz slag stabilization. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.06.015
Cifrian, E., Coronado, M. & Quijorna, N. (2019). Waelz slag-based construction ceramics: Effect of the trial scale on technological and environmental properties. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21, 1437–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00896-4
Durastanti, C. & Moretti, L. (2024). Assessing the climate effects of clinker production: A statistical analysis to reduce its environmental impacts. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 13, Article 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100204
European Commission (2017). Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries: Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, p.163.
Grudinsky, P., Zinoveev, D., Kondratiev, A., Delitsyn, L., Kulumbegov, R., Lysenkov, A., Kozlov, P. & Dyubanov, V. (2023). Reduction smelting of the Waelz slag from electric arc furnace dust processing: An experimental study. Crystals, 13(2), Article 318.  https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020318
ISO, 2008–2012. Standards for metallic powder characterisation: ISO 3923-1:2008, ISO 3923-2:2010, ISO 13796:2012. Geneva: International Organisation for Standardisation.
Kozlov, P.A. (2002). The Waelz Process. Moscow: Ruda i Metally Publishing House. (In Russian)
Kuandykova, A., Taimasov, B., Potapova, E., Sarsenbaev, B., Kolesnikov, A., Begentayev, M., Kuldeyev, E., Dauletiyarov, M., Zhanikulov, N., Amiraliyev, B. & Abdullin, A. (2024). Production of composite cement clinker based on industrial waste. Journal of Composites Science, 8(7), Article 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070257
Quijorna, N., Coz, A., Andres, A. & Cheeseman, C. (2012). Recycling of Waelz slag and waste foundry sand in red clay bricks. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 65, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.05.004
Salas, I., Cifrian, E., Andres, A. & Viguri, J.R. (2021). Self-organizing maps to assess the recycling of waste in ceramic construction materials. Applied Sciences, 11(21), Article 10010.  https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110010
Vegas, I., Ibañez, J.A., San José, J.T. & Urzelai, A. (2008). Construction demolition wastes, Waelz slag and MSWI bottom ash: A comparative technical analysis as material for road construction. Waste Management, 28, 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.016
Xue, Y., Hao, X., Liu, X. & Zhang, N. (2022). Recovery of zinc and iron from steel mill dust—An overview of available technologies. Materials, 15(12), Article 4127 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124127

INTEGRATION OF SMFC-BASED BIOSENSOR IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR REAL TIME MONITORING AND BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED WATERS
Rosen Ivanov, Petia Genova, Katerina Nikolova, Anatoliy Angelov
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: r.ivanov@mgu.bg Corresponding author: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Water contaminated with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Their timely detection and removal are of key importance for human health and ecosystems. The possibility of simultaneous real-time monitoring and bioremediation of waters contaminated with heavy metals has been established. Constructed wetlands with integrated sediment microbial fuel cells have been proposed for this purpose. Water contaminated with heavy metals – copper, chromium, nickel and zinc – was examined using them. All studied water samples showed a sudden voltage peak (in the range from 150 to 200 mV) when the contaminant entered the cell and a gradual decrease in voltage corresponding to the decreasing of the contaminant’s concentration. Chromium ions were removed the fastest – for 28 hours. The soil played the role of a protective layer for the electroactive microorganisms in the anode area, adsorbing the heavy metals in its upper layer and ensuring the efficient operation of the system. The studies showed an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the surface soil layer between 5 and 35 mg/kg.
Key words: constructed wetlands, sediment microbial fuel cells, real time monitoring, heavy metals

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920964

References

Arliyani, I., Noori, T., Ammarullah, M. I., Tangahu, B. V., Mangkoedihardjo, S. & Min, B. (2024). Constructed wetlands combined with microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) as a sustainable technology for leachate treatment and power generation. RSC Advances, 14, Article 32073. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA08185K
Corbella, C., Hartl, M., Fernandez-gatell, M. & Puigagut, J. (2019). MFC-based biosensor for domestic wastewater COD assessment in constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 660, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.347
Etteieb, S., Zolfaghari, M., Magdouli, S., Brar, K. K. & Brar, S. K. (2021). Performance of constructed wetland for selenium, nutrient and heavy metals removal from mine effluents. Chemosphere, 281, Article 130921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130921
Hang, D. M., Hao, N. H., Wenshan, G., Woong, C. S., Duc, N. D., Yiwen, L., Sunita, V. & Mathava, K. (2020). Microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for online monitoring wastewater quality: A critical review. Science of the Total Environment, 712, Article 135612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135612
Khan, S., Ahmad, I., Shah, M. T., Rehman, S. & Khaliq, A. (2009). Use of constructed wetland for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3451-3457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.026
Li, Ch., Li, X., Li, T., Su, Y., Zhong, W., Han, Ch., Jiang, Y. & Deng, H. (2024). Sediment microbial fuel cell monitoring repeated Cr(VI) shocks in different wetlands for a year: Performance and mechanism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 452 Article 142147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142147
Liu, L., Lu, Y., Zhong, W., Meng, L. & Deng, H. (2020). On-line monitoring of repeated copper pollutions using sediment microbial fuel cell based sensors in the field environment. Science of The Total Environment, 748, Article 141544. https://doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141544
Mengzi, L., Xiaoting, L., Yixin, H. & Hong, L. (2020). Aquatic toxicity of heavy metal-containing wastewater effluent treated using vertical flow constructed wetlands. Science of Total Environment, 727, Article 138616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138616
Miwornunyuie, N., Ugochukwu, G. & Hunter, J. (2025). Evolutionary trends and development of constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell: A decade of development. Journal of Environmental Management, 373 Article 123574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123574
Na, S., Zaisheng, Y., Huacheng, X., Zongbao, Y., Changhui, W., Mo, C., Zhiwei, Z., Zhaoliang, P., Chunliu, W. & He-Long, J. (2019). Development of a sediment microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for simultaneous online monitoring of dissolved oxygen concentrations along various depths in lake water. Science of the Total Environment, 673, 272-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.032
Nabuyanda, M. M., Kelderman, P., Bruggen, J. & Irvine, K. (2022). Distribution of the heavy metals Co, Cu, and Pb in sediments and Typha spp. and Phragmites mauritianus in three Zambian wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 304, Article 114133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114133
Naik, S. & S. Jujjavarapu, E. (2021). Self-powered and reusable microbial fuel cell biosensor for toxicity detection in heavy metal polluted water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9, Article 105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105318
Olias, L. G., Otero, A. R., Cameron, P. J. & Di Lorenzo, M. (2020). A soil microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for dissolved oxygen monitoring in water. Electrochimica Acta, 362, Article 137108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137108
Rongwei, X., Yong Li, L., Xiufang, G., Yan, X., Jinquan, H., Na, L., Cheng, C. & Ming, C. (2024). Distribution and migration of heavy metals in the sediment-plant system: Case study of a large-scale constructed wetland for sewage treatment. Journal of Environmental Management, 349, Article 119428,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119428
Rui, L., Yuhua, C., Junmei, W., Disong, C., Zhenbin, W. & Enrong, X. (2022). In situ COD monitoring with use of a hybrid of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 210, Article 117957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117957

Rusyn, I. & Gomora-Hernandes, J. C. (2024). Constructed wetland microbial fuel cell as enhancing pollutants treatment technology to produce green energy. Biotechnology Advances, 77, Article 108468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108468

Saeed, T., Alam, M. K., Miah, M. J. & Majed, N. (2021). Removal of heavy metals in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Application of effluent recirculation. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 12, Article 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100146

Schneider, G., Kovács, T., Rákhely, G. & Czeller, M., (2016). Biosensoric potential of microbial fuel cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 7001–7009, https://doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7707-1

Tandukar, M., Huber, S., Onodera, T. & Pavlostatis, S. (2009). Biological Chromium(VI) Reduction in the Cathode of a Microbial Fuel Cell. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(21), 8159–8165 https://doi.org/10.1021/es9014184

Walaszeka, M., Del Nerob, M., Boisa, P., Ribsteinb, L., Coursonb, O., Wankoa, A. & Laurent, J. (2018). Sorption behaviour of copper, lead and zinc by a constructed wetland treating urban stormwater. Applied Geochemistry, 97, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.08.019

Xie, J., Zuo, Sh., Zhong, F. & Cheng, Sh. (2024). Unveiling the secrets of bioelectrochemical system coupled with constructed wetland (BES-CW): A comprehensive review on refractory organics removal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 470, Article 143262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143262

Yang, Z., Acker, S. M., Brady, A. R., Rodrigues, A. A., Paredes, L. M., Ticona, J., Mariscal, G. R., Vanzin, G. F., Ranville, J. F. & Sharp, J. O. (2023). Heavy metal removal by the photosynthetic microbial biomat found within shallow unit process open water constructed wetlands. Science of Total Environment, 876, Article 162478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162478

OPTIMISATION AND KINETIC STUDIES ON SILVER LEACHING FROM WASTE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS IN SELECTED GREEN SOLVENTS
Abubakar Osafo Kantanka, Benetta Koomson, Emmanuel Mensah Azogba
Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; E-mail: mateng@gmail.com
Corresponding author: abubakarosafo11@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Organic acids are being explored as biodegradable lixiviants for extracting valuable metals from various sources with a lower environmental footprint. However, studies on using organic acids for silver extraction from waste printed circuit boards ( remain limited, particularly regarding process parameters and leaching kinetics. This study employed response surface methodology ( with central composite design ( to optimise acetic and citric acids for silver leaching from WPCBs. Key parameters included are temperature, lixiviant concentration, and leaching time. Kinetic behavior was analysed using Arrhenius and shrinkage core models. RSM CCD analyses indicated that the quadratic model effectively predicted silver leaching percentages across the tested factors, with significant effects noted for most parameters, except temperature in the acetic acid system. Optimal silver recovery was 11.48% for acetic acid (38.8° 2.5 M, 4 h) and 15.2% for citric acid (37.7° 1 M, 1.5 h). Kinetic studies showed leaching was diffusion controlled, with activation energies of 13.13 kJ/mol for acetic acid and 3.3 kJ/mol for citric acid. Overall, this study sets the foundation for a scalable and environmentally sustainable silver recovery from WPCB.
Keywords: silver leaching, citric acid, acetic acid, response surface methodology, kinetic studies

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921065

References
Arshadi, M., & Mousavi, S. M. (2014). Simultaneous recovery of Ni and Cu from computer printed circuit boards using bioleaching: Statistical evaluation and optimisation. Bioresource Technology , 174 , 233 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.140
Aydoğan, S., Motasim, M., & Ali, B. (2024). The novelty of silver extraction by leaching in acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide as an organic alternative lixiviant for cyan ide. Heliyon, 10 ( 2), Article e24784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24784
Barragan, J. A., Ponce De León, C., Alemán Castro, J. R., Peregrina Lucano, A., Gómez Zamudio, F., & Larios Durán, E. R. (2020). Copper and Antimony Recovery from Electronic Waste by Hydrometallurgical and Electrochemical Techniques. ACS Omega , 5 (21), 1235512363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01100
Behera, S. K., Meena, H., Chakraborty, S., & Meikap, B. C. (2018). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimisation of leaching parameters for ash reduction from low grade coal. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology , 28 (4), 621 629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2018.0 4.014
Birloaga, I., & Vegliò, F. (2016). Study of multistep hydrometallurgical methods to extract the valuable content of gold, silver and copper from waste printed circuit boards. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering , 4 (1), 2029.
https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.jece.2015.11.021
Cayumil, R., Khanna, R., Rajarao, R., Mukherjee, P. S., & Sahajwalla, V. (2016). Concentration of precious metals during their recovery from electronic waste. Waste
Management , 57 , 121 130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.004
Click, N., Teknetzi, I., Tam, E. P. L., Tao, M., & Ebin, B. (2024). Innovative recycling of high purity silver from silicon solar cells by acid leaching and ultrasonication. Solar Energy
Materials and Solar Cells, 270, Article 112834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112834
Clotilde Apua, M., & Madiba, M. S. (2021). Leaching kinetics and predictive models for elements extraction from copper oxide ore in sulphuric acid. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 121, 313 320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.04.005
Cremona, A., & Mestl, G. (2023). Silver perspectives. Chimica & Materiali, ANNO VII (4), 46.
de Souza, W. B., Abreu, C. S., Rodrigues, G. D., Mageste, A. B., & de Lemos, L. R. (2018). Selective separation of Cu, Ni and Ag from printed circuit board waste using an environmentally safe technique. Journal of Environmental Management, 226, 76 82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.049
Dzikunu, P., Arthur, E. K., Gikunoo, E., Mensah Darkwa, K., Akinwamid e, S. O., & Vilaça, P. (2024). Optimisation of process parameters and kinetics of fluoride extraction from spent potlining using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Management, 367, Article 121896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121896
Faraji, F., Alizadeh, A., Rashchi, F., & Mostoufi, N. (2022). Kinetics of leaching: A review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering , 38 (2), 113 148. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce20190073
Forti, V., Balde, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The Global E waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows and the circular economy potential.
https://ewastemonitor.info/wpcontent/uploads/2020/11/GEM_2020_def_july1_low.pdf
Free, M. L. (2022a). Hydrometallurgy (Second Ed.Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1007/9783030880873
Free, M. L. (2022b). Rate Processes BT Hydrometallurgy: Fundamentals and Applications (M. L. Free (ed.); pp. 89-144). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/9783030880873_4
Golaghaei, F., Mohadesi, A., Ataei, S. A., Karimi, M. A., & Torabi, M. (2024). Optimising the leaching conditions of chalcopyrite/pyrite concentrate in Sarcheshmeh Copper
Complex using response surface methodology. Chemical Engineering Communications , 21 1 (2), 221 228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2023.2230563
Habbache, N., Alane, N., Djerad, S., & Tifouti, L. (2009 ). Leaching of copper oxide with different acid solutions Chemical Leaching Journal, 152 503 508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.05.020
Han, Y., Yi, X., Wang, R., Huang, J., Chen, M., Sun, Z., Sun, S., & Shu, J. (2020). Copper extraction from waste printed circuit boards by glycine. Separation and Purification
Technology , 253 Article 117463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117463
Hao, J., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Guo, F. (2022). Optimising the Leaching Parameters and Studying the Kinetics of Copper Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. ACS Omega, 7 (4), 3689 3699. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c06173
Hsu, E., Barmak, K., West, A. C., & Park, A. H. A. (2019). Advancements in the treatment and processing of electronic waste with sustainability: a review of metal extraction and
recovery technologies. Green Chemistry, 21 (5), 919 936. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03688H
Ichikawa, S., Hirokawa, Y., Kurisaki, T., & Nakamura, T. (2023). Characterisation of a printed circuit board by X ray fluorescence and X ray diffraction analyses for metal
recovery. Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, 210, 17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2023.106819
Jadhav, U., Su, C., & Hocheng, H. (2016a). Leaching of metals from large pieces of printed circuit boards using citric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research , 23 (23), 24384 24392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1135601676959
Jadhav, U., Su, C., & Hocheng, H. (2016b). Leaching of metals from printed circuit board powder by an: Aspergillus Niger culture supernatant and hydrogen peroxide. RSC Advances, 6 (49), 43442 43452. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra04169h
Jansson, R. E. W. (1980). Electrochemical reaction engineering. In Chemical Engineering Science, 35-99), 1979 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/00092509(80)801382
Khayyam Nekouei, R., Pahlevani, F., Golmohammadzadeh, R., Assefi, M., Rajarao, R., Chen, Y. H ., & Sahajwalla, V. (2019). Recovery of heavy metals from waste printed circuit boards: statistical optimisation of leaching and residue characterisation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 26 (24), 24417 24429.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s1135601905596y
Khodaei, H., Fatmehsari Haghshenas, D., & Firoozi, S. (2022). Selective leaching of zinc from carbonate source using glycine as an ecofriendly lixiviant. Minerals Engineering,
185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mine ng.2022.107680
Kumari, R., & Samadder, S. R. (2022). A critical review of the pre processing and metals recovery methods from e wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 320, Article
115887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115887
Larba, R., Boukerche, I., Alane, N., Habbache, N., Djerad, S., & Tifouti, L. (2013). Citric acid as an alternative lixiviant for zinc oxide dissolution. Hydrometallurgy, 134 135, 117 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.02.002
Levenspiel, O. (1998). Chemical reaction engineering. John Wiley & sons.
Li, L., Dunn, J. B., Zhang, X. X., Gaines, L., Chen, R. J., Wu, F., & Amine, K. (2013). Recovery of metals from spent lithiumion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental asses sment. Journal of Power Sources, 233, 180 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.089
Li, L., Ge, J., Wu, F., Chen, R., Chen, S., & Wu, B. (2010). Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 176 (1 3), 288 293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026
Lisińska, M., Gajda, B., Saternus, M., Brozová, S., Wojtal, T., & Rzelewska Piekut, M. (2022). The effect of organic acids as leaching agents for hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from PCBs. Metalurgija, 61 (3 4), 609 612.
Marinato, Y., Pavoski, G., Rosario, C. G. A., de Andrade, L. M., & Es pinosa, D. C. R. (2023). Ag recovery from waste printed circuit boards of cell phone for synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management , 25 (2), 970 984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163022015793
Mishra, G., Jha, R., Rao, M. D., Meshram, A., & Singh, K. K. (2021). Recovery of silver from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) through hydrometallurgical route: A review.
Environmental Challenges , 4 . Article 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100073
Nan, T., Yang, J., Aromaa Stubb, R., Zhu, Q., & Lundström, M. (2024). Process simulation and life cycle assessment of hydrometallurgical recycling routes of waste printed circuit
boards. Journal of Cleaner Production, 435, Artcle 140458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140458
Nekouei, R. K., Pahlevani, F., Rajarao, R., Golmohammadzadeh, R., & Sahajwalla, V. (2018). Two step pre processing enrichment of waste printed circuit boards: Mechanical milling and physical separation. Journal of Cle aner Production, 184, 1113 1124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.250
Onukwuli, O. D., & Nnanwube, I. A. (2022). Optimisation of zinc recovery from sphalerite using response surface methodology and particle swarm optimisation. Periodica Polytechni ca Chemical Engineering , 66 (1), 20 29. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.17897
Petter, P. M. H., Veit, H. M., & Bernardes, A. M. (2015). Lixiviação de ouro e prata de placas de circuito impresso de celulares. Revista Escola de Minas, 68 (1), 61 68.
https://doi.org/10.1590/037044672015680152
Preetam, A., Modak, A., Jadhao, P. R., Naik, S. N., Pant, K. K., & Kumar, V. (2022). A comprehensive study on the extraction of transition metals from waste random access
memory using acetic acid as a chelating s olvent. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10 (6), Article 108761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108761
Raeisi, Z., Farajmand, B., Nakhostin Panahi, P., & Yaftian, M. R. (2023). Gold recovery from electronic wastes using a solvent extracti on/selective back extraction strategy.
Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia) Philadelphia), 58 (1718), 2961 2970.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2260945
Saidan, M., Brown, B., & Valix, M. (2012). Leaching of electronic waste using biometabolised acids. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering , 20 (3), 530 534.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S10049541(11)602152
Salahi, F., Zarei Jelyani, F., Farsi, M., & Rahimpour, M. R. (2023). Optimisation of hydrogen production by steam methane reforming over Y promoted Ni/A l2O3 catalyst
using response surface methodology. Journal of the Energy Institute, 108 Article 101208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2023.101208
Suanon, F., Sun, Q., Dimon, B., Mama, D., & Yu, C. P. (2016). Heavy metal removal from sludge with organic ch elators: Comparative study of N, N bis(carboxymethyl) glutamic acid
and citric acid. Journal of Environmental Management, 166, 341 347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.035
Syed, S. (2016). Silver recovery aqueous techniques from diverse sources: Hydrometallurgy in recycling. Waste Management, 50, 234 256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.006
Tanaydin, M. K., T anaydin, Z. B., & D emirkiran, N. (2022). Optimisation of process parameters and kinetic modelling for leaching of copper from oxidized copper ore in nitric acid solutions. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition) Edition), 32 (4), 1301 1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S10036326(22)658758
Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, T., Duan, C., & Wang, L. (2015). Mineralogical analysis of dust collected from typical recycling line of waste printed circuit boards. Waste Management, 43, 434 441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.021
Wu, D., Wen, S., & Deng, J. (2015). Leaching kinetics of cerussite using a new complexation reaction reagent. New Journal of Chemistry, 39 (3), 1922 1929.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/nj/c4nj01549e
Yin, J., Li, G., He, W., Huang, J., & Xu, M. (2011). Hydrothermal decomposition of brominated epoxy resin in waste printed circuit boards. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , 92 (1), 131 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.05.005
Yoğurtcuoğlu, E. (2023). Multi-metal recovery from flotation tailings with citric acid on the NACI media. Journal of Scientific Reports A, 053, 59 73.
https://doi.org/10.59313/jsra.1243469
Zan, N. N. M., Lotfi, W. N. A. W. M., & Yusof, Y. M. (2024). Thermodynamic Study of Silver Citrate Hydrogen Per oxide System for the Extraction of Silver From Electronic Waste.
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 19 (1), 146 162.
https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol%2019%20Issue%201%20February%20%202024/19_1_11.pdf
Zhang, H., Yu, H., Sun, W., Lin, S., & Zhang, C. (2024). Beneficiation of silver and silver bearing lead zinc ores: A review. Minerals Engineering , 208, Article
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108608
Zhu, X. nan, Ni, Y., Wang, D. zhang, Zhang, T., Qu, S. juan, Qiao, F. ming, Ren, Y. guang, Nie, C. chen, Lyu, X. jun, Qiu, J., & Li, L. (2020). Effect of dissociation size on flotation
behavior of waste printed circuit boards. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265 Article 121840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121840

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE-ASSISTED REMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOILS
Alexandre Loukanov
1 Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology, Department of Eng. Geoecology, University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, E-mail: a.loukanov@mgu.bg
2 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530 Japan, E-mail: loukanov@gunma-ct.ac.jp

ABSTRACT: Petroleum contamination in soils, often resulting from mining operations and oil and gas drilling activities, poses a serious threat to environmental and human health. These industrial activities can lead to the release of petroleum hydrocarbons into terrestrial ecosystems, where they persist for extended periods, disrupt ecological functions, and degrade soil and water quality. Therefore, the development of sustainable and effective remediation strategies is essential for mitigating the environmental footprint of resource extraction processes. However, the efficiency of conventional soil remediation methods varies widely – from 20% to over 90% – depending on hydrocarbon type, soil properties, and environmental conditions. These traditional approaches suffer from several critical limitations, including prolonged treatment durations, non-selectivity, high operational and logistical costs, and large land requirements. Moreover, they can disrupt the native soil microbiome, reduce soil fertility, and degrade organic matter, potentially leading to the accumulation of toxic or persistent intermediate compounds. To address these challenges, this paper aims to develop an eco-sustainable and cost-effective alternative remediation method. The study investigates the application of magnetic nanoparticles – specifically magnetite (Fe₃O₄) – as a promising remediation approach for oil-contaminated soils. Due to their high surface area, hydrophobicity, strong adsorption capacity, and ease of recovery via magnetic separation, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles offer distinct advantages over conventional remediation techniques. The proposed mechanism involves the desorption of hydrocarbons from soil organic matter, subsequent adsorption onto nanoparticle surfaces, and recovery through magnetic separation. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle concentration, contact time, and soil pH on the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons. Results demonstrate that nanoparticles sized between 15–20 nm can achieve up to 47–48% removal of nonpolar petroleum constituents—particularly heavy aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons – under optimised conditions. Furthermore, a synergistic approach combining Fe₃O₄ with oxidising agents such as persulphate was explored to enhance the degradation of recalcitrant hydrocarbons and improve nanoparticle recyclability. This research supports the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable remediation practices, particularly within the broader context of environmentally responsible raw material extraction, and contributes to the advancement of clean-up technologies for contamination originating from extractive industries.
Key words: Petroleum spills, contaminated soils, iron oxide nanoparticles, remediation

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18922073

References
Ambaye, T. G., Chebbi, A., Formicola, F., Prasad, S., Gomez, F. H., Franzetti, A., & Vaccari, M. (2022). Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere, 293, Article 133572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572
Asghar, N., Hussain, A., Nguyen, D. A., Ali, S., Hussain, I., Junejo, A., & Ali, A. (2024). Advancement in nanomaterials for environmental pollutants remediation: a systematic review on bibliometrics analysis, material types, synthesis pathways, and related mechanisms. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 22, Article 26. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02151-3
Brown, D. M., Okoro, S., van Gils, J., van Spanning, R., Bonte, M., Hutchins, T., Linden, O., Egbuche, U., Bruun, K. B., & Smith, J. W. N. (2017). Comparison of landfarming amendments to improve bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Niger Delta soils. Science of The Total Environment, 596–597, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.072
Chang, N., Chen, L., Wang, N., Cui, Q., Qiu, T., Zhao, S., He, H., Zeng, Y., dai, W., Duan, C., & Fang, L. (2024). Unveiling the impacts of microplastic pollution on soil health: A comprehensive review. Science of The Total Environment, 951, Article 175643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175643
Correia, A. A., & Rasteiro, M. G. (2025). A review of persistent soil contaminants: assessment and remediation strategies. Environments, 12, Article 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070229
da Silva, B. M., & Maranho, L. T. (2019). Petroleum-contaminated sites: decision framework for selecting remediation technologies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 378, Article 120722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.115
Filho, C. M. C., Matias, T., Duraes, L., & Valente, A. M. (2017). Efficient simultaneous removal of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants by a hydrophobic silica aerogel-like material. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 520, 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.018
Gupta, N., Koley, A., Banerjee, S., Ghosh, A., Hoque, R. R., & Balachandran, S. (2024). Nanomaterial-mediated strategies for enhancing bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A systematic review. Hybrid Advances, 7, Article 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2024.100315
Hasan, M. M., & Tarannum, M. N. (2025). Adverse impacts of microplastics on soil physicochemical properties and crop health in agricultural systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 17, Article 100528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100528
Hassanzadeh, M., & Abdouss, M. (2022). Essential role of structure, architecture, and intermolecular interactions of asphaltene molecules on properties (self-association and surface activity). Heliyon, 8, Article e12170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12170
Khan, I., Saeed, K., & Khan, I. (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12, 908–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011
Kharisov, B. I., Rasila Dias, H. V., & Kharissova, O. V. (2014). Nanotechnology-based remediation of petroleum impurities from water. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 122, 705–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2014.09.013
Kim, Y., Oh, J. I., Lee, S. S., Lee, J., & Kwan, E. E. (2019). Decontamination of petroleum-contaminated soil via pyrolysis under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, Article 117724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117724
Kumari, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS: A remediation technique for organic and non-biodegradable pollutant. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 11, Article 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2023.100122
Loukanov, A. (2021). Light‐triggered Janus nanomotor for targeting and photothermal lysis of pathogenic bacteria. Microscopy Research and Technique, 84, 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23657
Loukanov, A., Angelov, A., Takahashi, Y., Nikolov, I., & Nakabayashi, S. (2019). Carbon nanodots chelated with metal ions as efficient electrocatalysts for enhancing performance of microbial fuel cell based on sulphate reducing bacteria. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 574, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.067
Loukanov, A., Basnakian, A., Kawamura, R., Udono, H., Filipov, C., Savenska, A., Fite, T. & Nakabayashi, S. (2018). Light-powered nanoconverters cytotoxic to breast cancer cells. ACS Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(14), 7916–7924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11779
Mazarji, M., Minkina, T., Sushkava, S., Mandzhieva, S., Bidhendi, G. N., Barakhov, A., & Bhatnagar, A. (2021). Effect of nanomaterials on remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 284, Article 112023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112023
Michael-Igolima, U., Abbey, S. J., & Ifelebuegu, A. O. (2022). A systematic review on the effectiveness of remediation methods for oil contaminated soils. Environmental Advances, 9, Article 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100319
Mohanta, S., Pradhan, B., & Behera, I. D. (2023). Impact and Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Agricultural Land: A Review. Geomicrobiology Journal, 41, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2023.2243925
Mussin, N. A. I., Badsha, M., Arafath, A., Merican, Z. M. A., & Hossain, S. (2024). Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles as a potential bio-sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater: Synthesis, environmental impact and challenges. Desalination and Water Treatment, 319, Article 100449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100449
Nguyen, M. D., Tran, H. V., Xu, S., & Lee, T. R. (2021). Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: Structures, Synthesis, Magnetic Properties, Surface Functionalization, and Emerging Applications. Applied Sciencies, 11, Article 11301. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311301
Ossai, I. C., Ahmed, A., Hassan, A. & Hamid, F. S. (2020). Remediation of soil and water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon: A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 17, Article 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100526
Padhye, L. P., Srivastava, P., Jasemizad, T., Bolan, S., Hou, D., Shaheen, S. M., Rinklebe, J., O’Connor, D., Lamb, D., Wang, H., Siddique, K. H. M., & Bolan, N. (2023). Contaminant containment for sustainable remediation of persistent contaminants in soil and groundwater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 455, Article 131575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131575
Rumchev, K., Brown, H., & Spickett, J. (2007). Volatile Organic Compounds: Do they present a risk to our health? Reviews on Envoronmental Health, 22, 39–55. DOI: 10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.1.39
Sanchez-Huerta, C., Zhang, S., Alahmari, M., Humam, A. A., & Hong, P. Y. (2025). Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater with the use of surfactants and biosurfactants. Chemosphere, 376, Article 144290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144290
Shi, J., Jiang, J., Chen, Q., Wang, L., Nian, K., & Long, T. (2023). Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16, Article 104856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856
Singh, H., Bhardwaj, N., Arya, S. K., & Khatri, M. (2020). Environmental impacts of oil spills and their remediation by magnetic nanomaterials. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 14, Article 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100305
Tran, H. T., Lin, C., Bui, X. T., Ngo, H. H., Cheruiyot, N. K., Hoang, H. G., & Vu, C. T. (2021). Aerobic composting remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Current and future perspectives. Science of The Total Environment, 753, Article 142250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142250
Vidonish, J. E., Zygourakis, K., Masiello, C. A., Sabadell, G., & Alvarez, P. J. J. (2016). Thermal Treatment of Hydrocarbon-Impacted Soils: A Review of Technology Innovation for Sustainable Remediation. Engineering, 2, 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.005
Wang, G., Ren, Y., Bai, X., Su, Y., & Han, J. Contributions of Beneficial Microorganisms in Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement of Medicinal Plants. Plants (Basel), 11(23), Article 3200. doi: 10.3390/plants11233200
Wu, H., Hao, L., Chen, C., & Zhou, J. (2020). Superhydrophobic Fe3O4/OA magnetorheological fluid for removing oil slick from water surfaces effectively and quickly. ACS Omega, 5, 27425–27432. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03857
Yang, K., Peng, H., Wen, T., & Li, N. (2010). Re-examination of characteristic FTIR spectrum of secondary layer in bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Applied Surface Science, 256, 3093–3097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.11.079
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wu, A. (2024). Design and construction of magnetic nanomaterials and their remediation mechanisms for heavy metal contaminated soil. Science of The Total Environment, 951, Article 175369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175369

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN UKRAINE, CURRENT STATE AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Olha Medvedieva1, Zariana Halchenko1, Oleksii Demchenko2
1 M. S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, UA; E-mail: medvedevaolga1702@gmail.com; zhalchenko85@gmail.com
2 Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies: Dnipro, UA; E-mail: fiatdem4enko@gmail.com
Corresponding author: medvedevaolga1702@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The article analyses the current state and prospects of using renewable energy sources in Ukraine and across the world. The list and current state of wind power plants in Ukraine and the impact of military operations on them are presented. On the basis of the conducted research, the most efficient wind power plants for the conditions of mining regions are identified. The advantages and disadvantages of wind power plants are presented. The methods of eliminating the negative impact of wind turbines on the environment are highlighted. The calculation of wind energy potential for a particular site – the Kryvbas areas disturbed by mining – is presented.
Key words: renewable energy sources, wind energy potential, wind power plants, environmental factors, energy potential.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921267

References
Afridi, Y. S., Ahmad, K., & Hassan, L. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Based Prognostic Maintenance of Renewable Energy Systems: A Review of Techniques, Challenges, and Future Research Directions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12561v1
Alam, M. S., Al-Ismail, F. S., Salem, A., & Abido, M. A. (2020). High-Level Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources into Grid Utility: Challenges and Solutions. IEEE Access, 8, 190277–190299. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3031481
Al-Shetwi, A. Q. (2022). Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges. Science of The Total Environment, 822, Article 153645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153645
Atstāja, D. (2025). Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development: Opportunities and Current Landscape. Energies, 18(1), Article 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010196
Climatescope, 2019. (2019). https://2019.global-climatescope.org/ (accessed 22.07.2025) Dmitrenko, L., & Barandich, S. (2007). Vitroenerhetychni resursy v Ukrayini (in Ukrainian). Scientific works of UkrNDGMI, 256, 166-173.
Duggan, J. E. (2025). Recent Progress in Sustainable Energy Systems Development: Investment, Operations, and Decarbonization. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-024-00248-3
Erdiwansyah, Mahidin, Husin, H., Nasaruddin, Zaki, M., & Muhibbuddin (2021). A critical review of the integration of renewable energy sources with various technologies. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-021-00181-3
Falcone, P. M. (2023). Sustainable Energy Policies in Developing Countries: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Energies, 16(18), Article 6682.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186682
Fernández-Guillamón, A., Gómez-Lázaro, E., Muljadi, E., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115, Article 109369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109369
Hadnagy, I., Tar, K., & Molnar, J. (2020). Analysis of the current state of wind power in the world, Europe and Ukraine, especially in Transcarpathia. Ukrainian Geographical Journal, 1, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.15407/ugz2020.01.059
Humeniuk, O. M., & Humeniuk, I. I. (2023). Renewable energy in the context of economic and national security threats under Russian aggression. Podilian Bulletin: Agriculture, Engineering, Economics, 36, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.37406/2706-9052-2022-16
Icaza, D., Vallejo-Ramirez, D., Guerrero Granda, C., & Marín, E. (2024). Challenges, Roadmaps and Smart Energy Transition towards 100% Renewable Energy Markets in American Islands: A Review. Energies, 17(5), Article 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051059
Igliński, B., & Pietrzak, M. B. (2025). Renewable and Sustainable Energy—Current State and Prospects. Energies, 18(4), Article 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040797
Jurasz, J., Canales, F. A., Kies, A., Guezgouz, M., & Beluco, A. (2020). A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept, metrics, application and future research directions. Solar Energy, 195, 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087
Konechenkov, A., & Omelchenko, V. (2022, 11 November). Sektor vidnovlyuvanoyi enerhetyky Ukrayiny do, pid chas ta pislya viyny (in Urkainian). Razumkov Centre. https://razumkov.org.ua/statti/sektor-vidnovlyuvanoyi-energetyky-ukrayiny-do-pid-chas-ta-pislya-viyny (accessed 22.07.2025)
Levkivska, L., & Levkivskyi, S. Vitroenerhetyka Ukrayiny: suchasnyy stan ta prohnozy na maybutnye materialy (in Urkainian). Proceedings of the XXII international scientific and practical online conference on renewable energy and energy efficiency in the XXI century 19-20 May 2022, Kiev, Ukraine, (pp. 191-193).
Li, L., Lin, J., Wu, N., Xie, S., Meng, C., Zheng, Y., Wang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Review and outlook on the international renewable energy development. Energy and Built Environment, 3(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2020.12.002
López Prol, J., & Schill, W.-P. (2021). The Economics of Variable Renewable Energy and Electricity Storage. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 13(1), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101620-081246
Medvedieva, O., Halchenko, Z., Shustov, O., & Akhmetkanov, D. (2023). Prospects for use of man-made disturbed lands in mining regions for the location of renewable energy sources facilities. Geo-Technical Mechanics, 165, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.15407/geotm2023.165.017
Medvedieva, O. O., Larionov, H. I., & Halchenko, Z. C. (2024). To the selection of technology parameters for the use of renewable energy sources on man-made disturbed lands. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1319(1), Article 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1319/1/012011
Nzeanorue, C. C., Sobajo, M. S., Okpala, B. C., Opeyemi, A. M., Stephen, V. I., Madukwe, C. M., Olanrewaju, S. A., George, F. E.-P., Udoh, I. E., Olaleye, T. G., Olumide, A. V., Habeeb, A. O., Godwin, A. N., & Ugbine, O. F. (2024). A Comprehensive Analysis of Sustainable Energy Development: A Review of Existing Research. Path of Science, 10(8), 1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.106-48
Patankar, N., Sarkela-Basset, X., Schivley, G., Leslie, E., & Jenkins, J. (2022). Land Use Trade-offs in Decarbonization of Electricity Generation in the American West. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.05062 (accessed 22.07.2025)
Pechenyuk, A. V., Garasymchuk, I. D., & Pantsyr, Y. I. (2024). Perspektyvy ta vyklyky rozvytku vidnovlyuvalʹnoyi enerhetyky Ukrayiny v umovakh voyennoho stanu (in Urkainian). Podilian Bulletin Agriculture Engineering Economics, 45, 66-72. https://doi.org/10.37406/2706-9052-2024-4.9
Pedersen, T. T., Victoria, M., Rasmussen, M. G., & Andresen, G. B. (2021). Modelling all alternative solutions for highly renewable energy systems. Energy, 234, Article 121294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121294
Pratiwi, S., & Juerges, N. (2020). Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and nature conservation in Southeast Asia. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(4), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00166-2
Prokopov, D., & Bialkovska, O. (2023). Suchasnyy stan i perspektyvy rozvytku alʹternatyvnoyi enerhetyky dlya Ukrayiny (in Urkainian). UNIVERSUM, 2, 25-32.
https://archive.liga.science/index.php/universum/article/view/486/491
Public Union ‘Ukrainian Wind Energy Association’ (2024). Vitroenerhetychnyy sektor Ukrayiny 2024. Ohlyad rynku (in Ukrainian). http://uwea.com.ua/ua/ (accessed 22.07.2025)
Redko, K., & Furs, O. (2020). The current situation and world trends of green energy development. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics”, 1(13), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-55-60
Renewables in 2024: 5 Key Facts Behind a Record-Breaking Year. IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency.
https://www.irena.org/News/articles/2025/Apr/Renewables-in-2024-5-Key-Facts-Behind-a-Record-Breaking-Year (accessed 22.07.2025)
Shavkat qizi, M. X., & Bebitov, S. (2024). Problems, Solutions, Promising Proposals And Modern Innovative Technologies for the Use of Alternative Energy. Texas Journal of Engineering and Technology, 36, 9–12. https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjet/article/view/5519/4517
Tkachenko, T. M., & Seheda, P. (2021). Rozvytok vidnovlyuvanoyi enerhetyky v Ukrayini. U Ekolohichna bezpeka derzhavy: tezy dopovidey Druhoho vseukrayinsʹkoho kruhloho stolu Rozvytok vidnovlyuvanoyi enerhetyky v Ukrayini. U Ekolohichna bezpeka derzhavy: tezy dopovidey Druhoho vseukrayinsʹkoho kruhloho stolu (in Urkainian). Abstracts of the Second All-Ukrainian round table, 15 December 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine (pp. 85-89).
Ugwu, J., Odo, K. C., Oluka, L. O., & Salami, K. O. (2021). A Systematic Review on the Renewable Energy Development, Policies and Challenges in Nigeria with an International Perspective and Public Opinions. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11(1), 287–308. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.40359
Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Ji, Q., & Shi, X. (2020b). Regional renewable energy development in China: A multidimensional assessment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124, Article 109797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109797
Weinand, J. M., Hoffmann, M., Göpfert, J., Terlouw, T., Schönau, J., Kuckertz, P., McKenna, R., Kotzur, L., Linßen, J., & Stolten, D. (2023). Global LCOEs of decentralized off-grid renewable energy systems. 1–24. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.12742
Xin, L., Sun, H., & Xia, X. (2023). Renewable energy technology innovation and inclusive low-carbon development from the perspective of spatiotemporal consistency. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 20490-20513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23556-x
Zaverbnyi, A., Kis, M., & Bilous, Y. (2023). Problemy i perspektyvy zaluchennya zovnishnikh investytsiy u proekty vidnovlyuvalʹnoyi enerhetyky ukrayiny u voyennyy ta pislyavoyennyy periody (in Urkainian with English abstract), Economy and Society, Article 51. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2023-51-10
Zborivets, Y. B., & Yakimtsov, V. V. (2024). Finansuvannya vidnovlyuvalʹnoyi enerhetyky v Ukrayini: suchasnyy stan ta maybutni tendentsiyi (in Urkainian). Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 34(6), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.36930/40340610

SCREENING AND ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING SULPHATE CONCENTRATION IN WATERS INFLUENCED BY THE MINING AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY
Katerina Nikolova, Svetlana Bratkova, Anatoliy Angelov, Petia Genova, Rosen Ivanov, Polina Velichkova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, e-mail: k.nikolova@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. The complexity and specificity of the problem with the release of high concentrations of sulphates from mining sites characterised by sulphide ores requires the application of an adequate selection of existing treatment technologies. The proposed screening is based on three steps – preliminary screening based on the rate of development and commercialization of the technology and the ability to achieve a certain threshold of sulphate removal; screening of technologies based on productivity, costs and other factors; and screening based on the rate of removal of other important pollutants. The purpose of the proposed analysis is to highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach and to identify the most applicable water treatment technologies to reduce sulphates in wastewater, using a unified methodology for evaluation and ranking. The result is a list of technologies classified by their applicability, which can be used as a guide or starting point for further study and a detailed review of the possibilities for sulphate removal from wastewater. For the sulphates removal from extractive waste influenced waters (EWIW), limestone / lime treatment (as a pre-treatment process), the SAVMIN process, the GYP-CIX process and the biological sulphate reduction in bioreactor seem to be the most applicable treatment processes, as among the treatment processes that use biological sulphate-reduction, the bioreactors are the most effective.
Key words: mining industry, wastewaters, SWOT analysis.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921368

References
Baloyi, J., Ramdhani, N., Mbhele, R., & Simate, G. (2024). Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mining in South Africa: Remediation, Reuse, and Resource Recovery. Mine Water Environ, 43, 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-024-00994-2
Blowes, D. W., Ptacek, C. J., Jambor, J. L., & Weisener, C. G. (2005). The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage. The Crust, Treatise on Geochemistry, 9, 149–204. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/the-crust/rudnick/978-0-08-044847-3
Bolton & Menk, Inc. and Barr Engineering Company (2018). Analysing Alternatives for Sulphate Treatment in Municipal Wastewater. MPCA. https://www.lccmr.mn.gov/projects/ 2016/finals/ 2016_04m_mpca_report.pdf
Bowell, R. A review of sulphate removal options for mine waters, Proceedings International Mine Water Association Symposium, September 2004, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. (pp. 75-91)
Cardoso, A. T., Fan, F. M. & Viero, A. P. (2024). A decade-long journey shed light on chemical composition and field determination of acid mine drainage in Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196, Article 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12304-y
Chatla, A., Almanassra, I. W., Abushawish A., Laoui, T., Alawadhi, H., Atieh, M. A., & Ghaffour, N. (2023). Sulfate removal from aqueous solutions: State-of-the-art technologies and future research trends. Desalination, 558, Article 116615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116615
Dahmardeh, H., Akhlaghi Amiri, H. A., & Nowee, S. M. (2019). Evaluation of mechanical vapor recompression crystallization process for treatment of high salinity wastewater. Chemical Engineering and Processing – Process Intensification, 145, Article 107682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.107682
de Nicolás, A. P., Molina-García, A., García-Bermejo, J. T., & Vera-García, F. (2023). Desalination, minimal and zero liquid discharge powered by renewable energy sources: Current status and future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 187, Article 113733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113733
Derwis, D., Majtacz, J., Kowal, P., Al-Hazmi, H. E., Zhai, J., Ciesielski, S., Piechota, G., & Mąkinia, J. (2023). Integration of the sulfate reduction and anammox processes for enhancing sustainable nitrogen removal in granular sludge reactors. Bioresource Technology, 383, Article 129264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129264
Doughty, T., & Littlejohn, P., Sulf-IX™: Water treatment utilizing fluidized resin, 27th International Applied Geochemistry Symposium, April 2015, Tucson (pp 1-3).
Fernández-Palacios, E., Lafuente, J., Mora, M., & Gabriel, D. (2019). Exploring the performance limits of a sulfidogenic UASB during the long-term use of crude glycerol as electron donor. Science of The Total Environment, 688, 1184-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.371
Garbarino, E., Orveillon, G., & Saveyn, H. G. M. (2020). Management of waste from extractive industries: The new European reference document on the Best Available Techniques. Resources Policy, 69, Article 101782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101782
Genova, P., Nikolova, K., Angelov, A., Bratkova, S., & Mirdzveli, N. (2023). Barite precipitation for treatment of mine waters with high sulfate concentrations. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials, 4(4), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190828
Gu, H., Plumlee, M. H., Boyd, M., Hwang, M., & Lozier, J. C. (2021). Operational optimization of closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) pilot to recover concentrate at an advanced water purification facility for potable reuse, Desalination, 518, Article 115300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115300
Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Jamsranjav, B., Fukuda, M. & Troxler, T. (2014). 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, Methodological Guidance on Lands with Wet and Drained Soils, and Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/Wetlands_Supplement_Entire_Report.pdf
INAP (2021). GARD Guide Chapter 7 – Mine Water Treatment. https://www.inap.com.au/wp-content/uploads/GARD-Guide-Chapter-7_Final_REV1_JULY2021_ISSUED-1.pdf
Kaksonen, A. & Puhakka, J. (2007). Sulfate Reduction Based Bioprocesses for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and the Recovery of Metals. Engineering in Life, 6, 541-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200720216
Klein, R., Tischler, J. S., Mühling, M., & Schlömann, M. (2013). Bioremediation of Mine Water. In A. Schippers, F. Glombitza, & W. Sand, (Eds) Geobiotechnology I. Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, 141. (pp. 109-172) Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2013_265
Kumar, S. S., Kumar, V., Malyan, S. K., Sharma, J., Mathimani, T., Maskarenj, M. S., Ghosh, P. C., & Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, A. (2019). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for bioelectrochemical treatment of different wastewater streams. Fuel, 254, Article 115526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.05.109
Lawrence, R., Philippe R., & Fleming C. Sulphide and ion-exchange technologies for metal recovery and water treatment in the copper mining industry. Proceedings–Hydro Copper, 16-18 May, 2007 Santiago, Chile
Lima, P. S., Inacio, A. T., Moreira, Y. C., César, D. E., Dias, R. J. P., Dezotti, M., & Bassin, J. P. (2021). Upgrade of a suspended biomass reactor with limited nitrification to a biofilm system: Addressing critical parameters and performance in different reactor configurations. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 170, Article 107987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2021.107987
Lorax (2003). A review of sulfate treatment. Report to INAP. https://www.inap.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Treatment_of_Sulfate_in_Mine_Effluents_-_Lorax_Report.pdf
Magowo, W. E., Sheridan, C., & Rumbold, K. (2020). Global Co-occurrence of Acid Mine Drainage and Organic Rich Industrial and Domestic Effluent: Biological sulfate reduction as a co-treatment-option. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 38, Article 101650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101650
Mehdaoui, H. Y., Guesmi, Y., Jouini, M., Neculita, C. M., Pabst, T., & Benzaazoua, M. (2023). Passive treatment residues of mine drainage: Mineralogical and environmental assessment, and management avenues, Minerals Engineering, 204, Article 108362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108362
Orden, S., Macías, F., Cánovas, C. R., Nieto, J. M., Pérez-López, R., & Ayora, C. (2021). Eco-sustainable passive treatment for mine waters: Full-scale and long-term demonstration. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, Article 111699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111699
Rabbani, K. A., Charles, W., Kayaalp, A., Cord-Ruwisch, R., &Ho, G. (2016). Pilot-scale biofilter for the simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia at a wastewater treatment plant. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 107, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2015.11.018
Runtti, H., Tolonen, E., Tuomikoski, S., Luukkonen, T., & Lassi, U. (2018). How to tackle the stringent sulfate removal requirements in mine water treatment—A review of potential methods. Environmental Research, 167, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.018
Sakr, M., El Agamawi, H., Klammler, H., & Mohamed, M. M. (2023). A review on the use of permeable reactive barriers as an effective technique for groundwater remediation. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 21, Article 100914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2023.100914
Sánchez España, J., López Pamo, E., Santofimia, P. E., & Ercilla, M. D. (2008). The acidic mine pit lakes of the Iberian Pyrite Belt: An approach to their physical limnology and hydrogeochemistry. Applied Geochemistry, 23(5), 1260-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.036
Sharma, M. K., & Kumar, M. (2020). Sulphate contamination in groundwater and its remediation: an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, Article 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-8051-6
Silva, R., Cadorin, L., & Rubio, J. (2010). Sulphate ions removal from an aqueous solution: I. Co-precipitation with hydrolysed aluminum-bearing salts. Minerals Engineering, 23(15), 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.08.016
Sinche-Gonzalez, M., & Fornasiero, D. (2021). Understanding the effect of sulfate in mining-process water on sulphide flotation. Minerals Engineering, 165, Article 106865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106865
Subramani, A., DeCarolis, J., Pearce, W., & Jacangelo, J. G. (2012). Vibratory shear enhanced process (VSEP) for treating brackish water reverse osmosis concentrate with high silica content. Desalination, 291, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.01.020
Taylor, J., Pape, S. & Murphy, N. A Summary of Passive and Active Treatment Technology for Acid and Metalliferous Drainage. Proceedings of the 5th Australian Workshop on Acid Drainage, 29-31 August 2005, Fremantle, Western Australia (pp. 1-49)
Tian, X., Zhou, Z., Xin, Y., Jiang, L. M., Zhao, X., & An, Y. (2019). A novel sulfate removal process by ettringite precipitation with aluminum recovery: Kinetics and a pilot-scale study. Journal of Hazardous Materials 365, 572-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.032
Tong, T. & Elimelech, M. (2016). The Global Rise of Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Management: Drivers, Technologies, and Future Directions. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(13), 6846-6855. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01000
Usinowicz, P.J., Monzyk, B.F. & Carlton, L. (2006). Technical and economic evaluation and selection of sulfate ion removal technologies for recovery of water from mineral concentrate transport slurry. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 13, 139-153. https://doi.org/10.2175/193864706783710695
van Rooyen, M., van Staden, P. J., & du Preez, K. A. (2021). Sulphate removal technologies for the treatment of mine-impacted water. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 121(10), 523–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1541/2021
Wang, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Forward osmosis technology for water treatment: Recent advances and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280(1), Article 124354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124354
Wu, D., Ekama, G. A., Chui, H. K., Wang, B., Cui, Y. X., Hao, T. W., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Chen, G. H. (2016). Large-scale demonstration of the sulfate reduction autotrophic denitrification nitrification integrated (SANI®) process in saline sewage treatment, Water Research, 100, 496-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.052
Yang, Y., Li, B., Li, T., Liu, P., Zhang, B., & Che, L. (2023). A review of treatment technologies for acid mine drainage and sustainability assessment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 55, Article 104213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104213.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING UKRAINIAN NICKEL ORES
Tаtуana Oliynyk, Liudmyla Skliar
Kryvyi Rih National University, 11 Vitalii Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027, Ukraine
Email: taoliynik@knu.edu.ua, lyuda.cuclina@knu.edu.ua
Corresponding author: taoliynik@knu.edu.uсa

ABSTRACT. The study investigates material composition of silicate nickel ores from Zakhidno-Lashchivka area in Ukraine. Mineralogical analysis is carried out on nontronite and ochreous samples. Correlation analysis examines the relationship between mineral composition and the content of Fe, Ni, and Co. Thermodynamic calculations are performed using the ASTRA software package. The optimal parameters for the reduction process in the temperature range of 300–3000 K are determined. Technological studies involve reduction roasting to facilitate leaching of oxidised ore in ammoniac solutions. Magnetic separation of roasted material contributes to the recovery of a non-magnetic product containing 2.5–3.2% Ni and a magnetic fraction with 1.8% Ni. Flotation of the roasted product yields concentrates with 3–5% Ni at a recovery rate of 17-50% (sample 1) and 7.4-46% (sample 2). Magnetic cleaning increases the Ni content in the flotation concentrate to 8% for the nontronite sample (sample 1) and up to 7% for the ochreous sample (sample 2). A process flowsheet is developed, involving roasting at 1000°C for 2 hours, followed by ammoniac leaching. After thickening, precipitation, filtration and drying, nickel product (47% Ni, 0.5% Co, 0.8% Fe) with a moisture content of 65–70% is obtained. Nickel precipitation is performed by heating to 80°C for 1 hour, which allows ammonia to be recycled back into the leaching process.
Keywords: ammoniac leaching, nickel, processing technology, reduction roasting

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921469

References
Andersson, P., (2020). Chinese assessments of “critical” and “strategic” raw materials: Concepts, categories, policies, and implications. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7 (1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.01.008
Babii, K.V., Bubnova, O.A., Maleiev, Y.V., Riumina, D.M., Levchenko, K.S. & Ikol, O.O. (2024). Resursy stratehichnykh korysnykh kopalyn Ukrainy: monohrafiia. PBP ‘Ekonomika’ – Dnipro (in Russian). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390199010
Boroumand, Z., Abdollahi, H., Pashaki, S.N.A., Mirsaleh Mirmohammadi, & Ghorbani, Y. (2025). Enhanced oxidative bioleaching for nickel and metal recovery from arsenic ores moves toward efficient and sustainable extraction. Chemosphere, 370, Article 143944 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143944
Brown, T. (2018). Measurement of mineral supply diversity and its importance in assessing risk and criticality. Resources Policy, 58, 202-218. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.05.007 Carpen, H.L. & Giese, E.C. (2022). Enhancement of nickel laterite ore bioleaching by Burkholderia sp. using a factorial design. Applied Water Science, 12 Article 181 doi: 10.1007/s13201-022-01704-5
Chaerun, S.K., Sulistyo, R.S., Minwal, W.P. & Mubarok, M.Z. (2017). Indirect bioleaching of low-grade nickel limonite and saprolite ores using fungal metabolic organic acids generated by Aspergillus Niger. Hydrometallurgy, 174, 29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.08.006
Chaerun, S.K., Winarko, R. & Yushandiana, F. (2023). Biohydrometallurgy: Paving the way for a greener future of mineral processing in Indonesia. Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology, 5(1), 299-307. doi: 10.5614/crbb.2023.5.1/8kiz3aoe
Fan, Q., Yuan, S. Wen, J., & He J.  (2024). Review on comprehensive utilization of nickel laterite ore. Minerals Engineering, 218,  Article 109044.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.109044
Li, J.H., Li, Y.Y., Zheng, S., Xiong, D.L., Chen, H. & Zhang, Y.F. (2015). Research review of laterite nickel ore metallurgy. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering, 6 (1), 35-40 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13264/j.cnki.ysjskx.2015.01.007
Li, J.H., Xu, Z.F. & Wang, R.X. (2019). Fundamental research on chlorination metallurgy technology for lateritic nickel ores. Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing.
Nurjaman, F., Bahfie, F., Herlina, U., Astuti, W. & Suharno, B. (2020). Kajian literatur parameter proses reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit. Metal Indonesia, 42(2), 63.
doi: 10.32423/jmi.2020.v42.63-71

Pandey, N., Tripathy, S.K., Patra, S.K. & Jha, G. (2023). Recent progress in hydrometallurgical processing of nickel lateritic ore. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 76(1), 11-30. doi: 10.1007/s12666-022-02706-2

Roberto, F. &  Schippers,  A. (2022) Progress in bioleaching: part B, applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 106(18), 5913–5928. doi: 10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9

Santos, A.L., Dybowska, A., Schofield, P.F., Herrington, R.J. & Johnson, D.B. (2020). Sulphur-enhanced reductive bioprocessing of cobalt-bearing materials for base metals recovery. Hydrometallurgy, 195, Article 105396. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105396

Smailov, K. M., Nuruly, Y. & Beisenbiyeva, U. Z. (2022). Development of an Innovative Technology for the Complex Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt from Iron-Silicate Ores. European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research, 3(4), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2022.3.4.123

Tian, Q.H., Li, Z.C., Wang, Q.M., Wang, S.S. & Guo, X.Y. (2023). Present situation of laterite nickel ore resources and research progress of smelting technology. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 33(9), 2975-2997 (. doi: 10.11817/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2022-43438

Wani, O.B., Khan, S., Shoaib, M., Gonçalves, C., Chen, Z., Zeng, H. & Bobicki, E.R. (2024). Processing of low-grade ultramafic nickel ores: A critical review. Minerals Engineering, 218, Article 108976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108976

Yue, L., Zhouliang, T., Yuming, L., Changlong, L., Peipei, H. & Jingyi, L. (2024). Past, present and future of high-nickel materials. Nano Energy, 119, 2211-2855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109070

Zappala, R., Donald, M. & Pownceby, M.I. (2023). Nickel laterite beneficiation and potential for upgrading using high-temperature methods: A review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 45(7), 267-289. doi: 10.1080/08827508.2023.2265533

Zhang, Z-f, Zhang, W-b, Zhang, Z-g & Chen, X-f (2025). Nickel extraction from nickel laterites: Processes, resources, environment and cost. China Geology, 8(1),187-213. https://doi.org/10.31035/cg2024124

OPTIMISATION OF KAOLIN DEPOSIT MODELING USING GEOSTATISTICAL METHODS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION
Ihor Piskun, Lesia Sitsinska, Roman Ihnatiuk
State University “Zhytomyr Polytechnic”, 10005 Zhytomyr, E-mail: ihor@ztu.edu.ua, lesly311878@gmail.com, krrkp_irm@ztu.edu.ua
Corresponding author: ihor@ztu.edu.ua

ABSTRACT. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to optimising kaolin deposit modelling using geostatistical methods of spatial interpolation. The study focuses on improving the assessment of the spatial distribution of mineral components using the example of the Yosypivka kaolin deposit. To enhance the accuracy of mineral resource forecasting, a comparative analysis of various interpolation methods, including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Kriging, was conducted, emphasizing their efficiency in modelling the spatial variability of the chemical composition of the raw material.
The primary methodological foundation of the study is geostatistical analysis, which includes variogram analysis, spatial interpolation, and statistical data processing. Key variogram parameters were determined, reflecting the spatial correlation of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, and K₂O contents. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of applying the Ordinary Kriging method for predicting the spatial distribution of mineral components, as it allows for consideration of the anisotropy of geological formations and the spatial dependence of data. Additionally, a correlation analysis of the chemical composition of kaolin raw materials was conducted, revealing medium-intensity relationships between major mineral components, particularly between Al₂O₃ and TiO₂. The identified correlations formed the basis for further modelling using Co-Kriging, enabling the integration of interdependent parameters into the interpolation process and improving the accuracy of the obtained forecasts.
Key words: kaolin deposits, geostatistics, spatial modelling, variogram analysis, Ordinary Kriging, Co-Kriging

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921570

References
Behera, G., Sarkar, B., Singh, R., & Singh, S. (2019). Geology-aided Geostatistical Modelling of a Ferruginous Bauxite Deposit in Eastern India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 94(1), 62 – 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1267-9
Binetti, M.S., Massarelli, C., & Uricchio, V.F. (2024). Machine Learning in Geosciences: A Review of Complex Environmental Monitoring Applications. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 6(2), 1263–1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020059
Fernandes, K., Marques Júnior, J., Bahia, A. S. R. S., & Siqueira, D. S. (2020). Landscape-scale spatial variability of kaolinite-gibbsite ratio in tropical soils detected by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. CATENA, 195, Article 104744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104744
Jarosova, M., & Stanek, F. (2021). Spatial Modelling of Kaolin Deposit Demonstrated on the Jimlíkov-East Deposit, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(11), 788-808. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110788
Kotenko, V. V., Kunitska, M. S., Piskun, I. A., Ihnatyuk, R. M., & Sydorenko, A. A. (2023). Automation of processing geological exploration results of kaolin deposits in the GEOVIA Surpac environment. Technical Engineering, 2(92), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.26642/ten-2023-2(92)-225-233
Kroshko, Y., & Kovalchuk, M. (2024). Structural and lithological model of the Glukhivetsky deposit of eluvial kaolins. Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series Geology. Geography. Ecology, 60, 40-55. https://doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2024-60-03
Mariam, T., & Getaneh, W. (2022). The influence of parent rock, mining and processing technologies on the industrial quality of kaolin concentrate –case study from Bombowha kaolin, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 45(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v45i1.3
Mazari, M., Chabou-Mostefai, S., Bali, A., Kouider, K., Benselhoub, A., & Bellucci, S. (2023). Mineral resource assessment through geostatistical analysis in a phosphate deposit. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 5, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-5/141
Narciso, J., Araujo, C. P., Azevedo, L., Nunes, R., Costa, J. F., & Soares, A. (2019). A geostatistical simulation of a mineral deposit using uncertain experimental data. Minerals, 9(4), 247-250. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040247
Yunusa, A., Hong, H., Salim, A., Amam, T., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Zuo, X., & Li, Z. (2024). Mineralogical Characterization and Geochemical Signatures of Supergene Kaolinitic Clay Deposits: Insight of Ropp Complex Kaolins, Northcentral Nigeria. Minerals, 14(9), 869-889. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090869.

DETERMINATION OF THE RESISTANCES IN THE ROTOR’S COILS OF A MINE LOCOMOTIVE MOTOR
Angel Zabchev, Romeo Alexandrov
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia 1700
Corresponding author: romeo.alexandrov@mgu.bg

Abstract: A possibility has been found for determining the resistances in a loop that cannot be disconnected, by measuring with an ohmmeter. Such loops form the rotor windings of collector motors. To showcase the method, a fictitious example with a small number of collector plates has been described. The method has been applied by studying a motor for a mine locomotive DRT – 10A2 with 105 collector plates. The resistances of the sections of the wave winding have been determined.
Key words: DC motor, rotor, sections, windings

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921671

Hadziselimovic, M., Blaznik, M., Stumberger B., & Zagradisnik I. (2011). Magnetically nonlinear dynamic model of a series wound DC motor, Electrical Review, 2011, 87, 60 – 64.
Iliev, J., Kostadinov, E. & Vatev, G. (2004). Concept design for a laboratory stand for testing of mine locomotives. Annual of the University of Mining and Geology, 47(IІІ), 39-41.
Kašiar, L., Zvolensky, P., Barta, D., Bavlna, L., Mikolajčik, M., & Drozdziel, P. (2016). Diagnostics of electric motor of locomotive series 757. Diagnostyka, 17(3), 95-101.
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). Diagnosis of interturn short circuit of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on deep learning and small fault samples. Neurocomputing, 442, 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.04.160
Maraaba, L.S., Twaha, S., Memon, A., & Al-Hamouz, Z. (2020). Recognition of stator winding inter-turn fault in interior-mount LSPMSM using acoustic signals. Symmetry, 12(8), Article 1370. doi:10.3390/sym12081370
Martinez, J., Lopez, P., & Juarez, J. (2009). Series wound DC motor modeling and simulation, considering magnetic, mechanical and electric power losses, Proceedings of 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2-5 August, 2009, Cancun, Mexico (pp. 1073–1077). doi: 10.1109/MWSCAS.2009.5235954.
Polnik, B., Kaczmarczyk, K., & Niedworok, A. (2020). Energy recuperation as one of the factors improving the energy efficiency of mining battery locomotives. Management Systems in Production Engineering, 28(4), 253-258. DOI 10.2478/mspe-2020-0036
Tasev, L. (2019). Seven tone underground locomotive with reduced wheel base. Minno delo i geologia, 3-4, 24-30.
Tasev, L. (2017). Wear and malfunctions of gearboxes in the mine locomotives for underground transportation. Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 60(III), 30-33.
Turygin, Y., Bozek, P., Abramov, I., & Niíkitin, Y. (2018). Reliability determination and diagnostics of a mechatronic system. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 12(2), 274-290. DOI: 10.12913/22998624/92298
Xiao, D., Qin, C., Yu, H., Huang, Y., & Liu, C. (2021). Unsupervised deep representation learning for motor fault diagnosis by mutual information maximization. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 32, 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01577-y
Yang, Y., Haque, M.M.M., Bai, D., & Tang, W. (2021). Fault Diagnosis of Electric Motors Using Deep Learning Algorithms and Its Application: A Review. Energies, 14, Article 7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217017.

Mathematical models of the node of technogenic influence, taking into account the main directions of material flows in the logistics of mining enterprises

¹Semenenko Ye.V.,²Dziuba S.V., ¹Medvedieva O.O.,¹Slobodiannykova I.L.,³Haminich O.V.,¹Kabakova L.B.

¹M.S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine; E-mail: igtmnanu@ukr.net

²Pridniprovsky Scientific Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine; E-mail: office.psc@nas.gov.ua

³OlesHonchar Dnipro National University; E-mail: cdep@dnu.dp.ua

Corresponding author:evs_post@meta.ua

ABSTRACT. The aim of the work is to create a mathematical model of liquid waste storage that accumulates processed products and mine waters simultaneously from many mining and processing plants, taking into account technological constraints on waste volumes and climatic factors depending on the season. The proposed mathematical model of node of technogenic influence is based on the balance of material flows in and out the node. A typical node of technogenic influence is an accumulation node. In the problem considered in this paper, the accumulation node is a waste storage facility where liquid man-made deposits are stored. The model of this node includes a system of equations describing the height of the water mirror and the bottom level depending on the volume of placers and water in and out for the analysed period of operation, taking into account the geometric features of the storage. The main directions of material flows can be formed from two or three nodes of technogenic influence. The first case is typical for underground mining, and the second one is typical for open pit mining. In the second case, the main direction is formed from the node of extraction of primary deposits, the node of processing or separation, and the node of accumulation or the node of storage of man-made deposits. The mathematical model makes it possible to determine the level of the free surface mirror in any month of the year, as well as to calculate the change in the current height of the water mirror in storage for any period of the year, such as spring months or all year round.

Key words: node of technogenic influence, liquid waste storage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110150 

References

Tolk, A., Harper A. & Mustafee N. (2021). Hybrid models as trans-disciplinary research enablers. European Journal of Operational Research, 291 (16), 1075–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.10.010

Batur, M., & Babii, K. (2022). Spatial assessment of air pollution due to mining and industrial activities: a case study of Kryvyi Rih, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 970, Article 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/970/1/012004

Brodt, A. (2023). Increase in the density of carrier medium as a way to create hydrotransport of minerals in large lump form.Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 4, 11 – 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190824

Bučková, M., Skokan R., Fusko M. & Hodoň R. (2019). Designing of logistics systems with using of computer simulation and emulation. Transportation Research Procedia, 40, 978–985 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.137

Bulat, А., Dziuba, S., Minieiev, S., Koriashkina, L. & Us, S. (2020). Solution of the problem to optimize two-stage allocation of the material flows. Mining of Mineral Deposits, 14(1), 27 – 35. https://doi.org/10.33271/mining14.01.027

Collivignarelli, M., Carnevale, M., Bellazzi, S., Caccamo, F., Durante, A. & Abbà, A. (2022). Review of rheological behaviour of sewage sludge and its importance in the management of wastewater treatment plants. Water Practice & Technology, 17(1), 483-491. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2021.098.

Espinoza, L., Rostek, L., Loibl, A. & Stijepic, D. (2020). The promise and limits of Urban Mining. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe.

He, G., Zhou, L., Dai, Y., Dang Y. & Ji, X. (2020). Coal industrial supply chain network and associated evaluation models. Sustainability, 12(23), Article 9919; doi:10.3390/su12239919.

Ilchev, L. & Davcheva – Ilcheva, N. (2021). Sustainably developing mining, beneficiation and metallurgical enterprises according to UN and EU requirements. Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 2, 42 – 46. DOI: 10.58903/b15171916

Kaykov, D. & Koprev, I. (2020). Rationalising the location and design of the waste dump in the case of open-pit mining. sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 1, 42 – 46. DOI: 10.58903/a14161827

Kovalský, M. & Mičieta, B. (2017). Support planning and optimisation of intelligent logistics systems. Procedia Engineering, 192, 451 – 456. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.078

Rosenberg, T., Warren, A. & Patterson, C., (2016). Design, operation and adaptation of reservoirs for flood storage. Environment Agency of UK. https://www.gov.uk/flood-and-coastal-erosion-risk-management-research-reports/design-operation-and-adaptation-of-reservoirs-for-flood-storage

Petrova, V. (2021). The European green deal and its impact on the raw material industry. Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 2, 47 – 53. DOI: 10.58903/b15171917

Semenenko, E. V. (2011). Nauchnye osnovy tekhnologij gidromekhanizacii otkrytoj razrabotki titan-cirkonovyh rossypej.  Kiev: Naukova dumka..

GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND BENCH FACE ANGLE OF THE ELLATZITE OPEN-PIT MINE, BULGARIA

Stefan Nachev, Ivan Vasilev
Ellatzite-Med AD, 2086 Mirkovo, E-mail: s.p.nachev@ellatzite-med.com, i.vasilev@ellatzite-med.com
Corresponding author: s.p.nachev@ellatzite-med.com

ABSTRACT. The paper presents a geotechnical investigation of the structural integrity of the Ellatzite open-pit mine and considers the achieved bench face angle, while looking at the final geometry shaping of the bench face. The study shows that the influence of the lithology, rock mass structure, mining technology and water saturation of the bench faces is of crucial importance for achieving a long-term sustainability of the mine benches. Therefore, some efforts need to be made to optimise the technological processes in the mine, as well as to drain precipitated and groundwater away from the slopes, by maintaining an effective and appropriate drainage and dewatering system.

Key words: open pit mine, geotechnical investigation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110149

References

Georgiev, N., Nanov, Z., Naydenov, K., Markov, G., Elenkov, K., Krumov, I., Karakolev, Al. & Milenkov, G. (2023). Geological and structural, and engineering geological (geotechnical) mapping of newly exposed open-pit slopes in M 1:500, NIS-SU “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia (in Bulgarian).

Bar, N. & Barton, N. R. (2018). Rock slope design using Qslope and geophysical survey data. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 62 (4), 893-900 doi:10.3311/PPci.12287.

Bieniawski, Z.T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classifications. Wiley, New York.

Cebrian, B. (2017). Short course of Wall Control Optimization. Blast Dinamics Inc., (p. 251).

Hoek, E. (2007). Blasting Damage in Rock. Practical Rock Engineering book.

Krolikowski, Ch. (2015). Summary of Surface Blasting and Damages with Analysis of Two Mitigation Techniques – Presplit and Smooth Blasting. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Michigan, Michigan

Laubscher, D. H. (1990). Mine Design: A geomechanics classification system for the rating of rock mass in mine design. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, 10, 257-273.

Marshall, N. & Mohr, N. (2005). Ellatzite open pit – slope design project. SRK project number U2645, SRK Consulting, (p. 292).

Nachev, S., Georgiev, G., Vasilev, I. & Takeva, M. (2020). Geotechnical assessment of the benches in the Ellatzite open pit mine after blasting, Journal of mining and geological sciences, 63, 75-80.

Peterson, J. A. (2001). Blast Damage Mechanisms at Ekati (TM) Mine (Order No. MQ69811). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304744467).

Advancements in Civil Explosives: Novel Formulations and Sustainable Fuel Solutions

 Zdravka Mollova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: z.mollova@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. The article presents the development of a new explosive mixture based on agricultural ammonium nitrate, possessing high detonation capability, increased water resistance, and physical stability. The concept for its creation is based on obtaining an oil-in-water (O/W) type microemulsion, produced using vegetable oil. Calculations conducted showed that the use of 100 % rapeseed oil methyl esters compared to diesel fuel improves emulsification by 14 %, reducing emulsification time by 15 %. Due to the structure of the microemulsion, ordinary agricultural ammonium nitrate can successfully retain around 7.5 % of the microemulsion. This amount of fuel phase is sufficient for obtaining an explosive composition with an appropriate oxygen balance. Substituting the porous ammonium nitrate (PAN) with agricultural ammonium nitrate – the cheapest oxidizer for the production of the newly developed explosive mixture, reduces its production cost and significantly increases the competitiveness of the product.

Key words: ANFO, ammonium nitrate, microemulsion, plant oil.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110148

References

Ali, F., Roy, M., Pingua, B., Mukherjee, R., Agarwal, L., & Singh, P. (2021). Utilization of waste lubricant oil in fuel phase of ANFO Explosives: Its field applications and environmental impact. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 46(9), 1397–1404. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/prep.202100011

Biessikirski, A., Czerwonka, D., Biegańska, J., Kuterasiński, Ł., Ziąbka, M., Dworzak, M., & Twardosz, M. (2020). Research on the possible application of polyolefin waste-derived pyrolysis oils for ANFO manufacturing. Energies, 14(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010172

Buczkowski, D., & Zygmunt, B. (2011). Detonation properties of mixtures of ammonium nitrate based fertilizers and fuels. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 8, 99–106.

Li, H., Yang, C., Sun, J., & Cheng, Y. (2023). Effects of biodiesel on thermal safety and detonation characteristics of emulsion explosive. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 48(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/prep. 202200258

Marchenko, A., & Semenov, V. (2001). Alternative biofuel from rape oil derivatives. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 37(3), 183–185. DOI https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017976722355

Mitkov, V. (2020). Vzrivna tehnika i tehnologija. Sv. Ivan Rilski. (in Bulgarian).

Resende, S. A., Silva, V. C. E., & De Lima, H. M. (2014). Study of non-conventional fuels for explosives mixes. REM. Revista Escola De Minas, 67(3), 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000300009

Fabin M. & Jarosz T. (2021). Improving ANFO: Effect of additives and ammonium nitrate morphology on detonation =arameters. Materials (Basel), 14 (19):5745. doi: 10.3390/ma14195745.

Zygmunt B. & Buczkowski D. (2012). Agriculture grade ammonium nitrate as the basic ingredient of massive explosive charges. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics,  37 (6), 685-690; https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201100121.

PROSPECTS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF QUARTZ-FELDSPAR CONCENTRATE OBTAINED FROM KAOLIN ENRICHMENT INTO CERAMIC PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Volodymyr Kotenko, Serhiy Bashynsky, Ihor Piskun
State University “Zhytomyr Polytechnic”, 10005 Zhytomyr, E-mail: gef_kvv@ztu.edu.ua; kgt_bsi@ztu.edu.ua; ihor@ztu.edu.ua

ABSTRACT. The paper examines the potential use of quartz-feldspar concentrate obtained as a result of kaolin enrichment to meet the growing demand for quartz-feldspar materials, which are essential components in the production of ceramic tiles, sanitary ceramics and other products.The research methodology includes laboratory tests of the chemical composition of kaolin enrichment waste and analysis of the possibility for obtaining marketable quartz-feldspar concentrates using flotation and electrostatic separation methods. The results showed that high-quality concentrates (possessing the necessary physical and chemical properties) that are suitable for ceramic production can be obtained by flotation of such waste.The use of such waste contributes to reducing waste volumes and ensuring a stable supply of raw materials for the ceramics industry.

Key words: kaolin beneficiation, quartz-feldspar concentrate, flotation, electromagnetic separation, construction ceramics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110147

References

Cely, L. (2016). Raw materials for the ceramics industry from norte de santander. I. Mineralogical, chemical and physical characterisation. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, 80, 31-37.  https://www.doi:10.17533/udea.redin.n80a04

European Commission (2023). Draft 1 of the Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Ceramic Manufacturing Industry (CER-BREF) https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/ceramic-manufacturing-industry

GOST 7030-75, USSR State Standard GOST 7030-75 for feldspathic and quartzofeldspathic materials used in fine ceramics. Specifications.

Hongjun, H., Shihan, L., Haoran, G., Ning, Z., & Liming, L. (2024). Efficient recovery of feldspar, quartz, and kaolin from weathered granite. Minerals, 14(3), Article 300. https://www.doi:10.3390/min14030300

Larsen, E., & Kleiv, R. (2016). Flotation of quartz from quartz-feldspar mixtures by the HF method. Minerals Engineering, 98, 49-51. https://www.doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.021

Mohanty, J., Oliva, P., Alfonso, C., Hoffmann, S., & Hernan, A. (2024). A comparative Study of quartz and potassium feldspar flotation process using different chemical reagents. Minerals, 14(2), Article 167.  https://www.doi.org/10.3390/min14020167

Mykhailov, V. (2023). Strategic minerals of Ukraine and their investment attractiveness: monograph. BRGM-Orleans.

Normatov, I., & Kamolov, E. (2020). Development of an algorithm for optimising the technological process of kaolin enrichment. IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), 1-4, DOI: 10.1109/IEMTRONICS51293.2020.9216371

Li, Y. P., Ren, J. Z., Xie, J. E., Duan, T., S., Gao, M. H., Wu, X. J., & He, H. Y.  (2021). Application of mixed collectors on quartz-feldspar by fluorine-free flotation separation and their interaction mechanism. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 57(4), 139-156. https://doi: 10.37190/ppmp/139237

Pidvysotskyi, V., Kotenko, V., Bashinsky, S., & Piskun, I. (2022). Justification of the feasibility of using the inverse weighting distance method for clustering the yosipiv kaolin deposit. Naukoviy visnuk DonNTU, 1(8)-2(9), 94-105. https://www.doi.org/10.31474/2415-7902-2022-1(8)-2(9)-94-105

Ryshchenko, M., Shchukina, L., Fedorenko, E., & Firsov, K. (2008). Possibility of obtaining ceramogranite using quartz-feldspar raw material from Ukraine. Glass and Ceramics, 65, 23-26. https://www.doi:10.1007/s10717-008-9011-8

Sobolevskyi, R., Vaschuk, A., Tolkach, O., Korobiichuk, V., & Levytskyi, V. (2017). A procedure for modeling the deposits of kaolin raw materials based on the comprehensive analysis of quality indicators. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies,  3 (87), 54–66.  https://www.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.103289

Utilisation of green waste from mine overburden through bio-electrochemical systems

Rosen Ivanov
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Proper management of overburden materials can reduce the environmental impact and increase the benefits of mining activities. It is important to consider the specific composition of the overburden and local needs when selecting the most appropriate recovery method. And while much of the overburden material can be used in construction, reclamation, cement production and more, the green waste problem has not been sufficiently solved. In the present publication, the possibilities of generating energy from the green waste from the overburden through bio-electrochemical systems are investigated. The possibilities of generating energy from grass, wood chips and leaves have been studied. The best results were achieved in grass utilisation, generating a power density of 107,58 mW/m².

Key words: mine overburden, bio-electrochemical systems, solid phase microbial fuel cells

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110146

References

Addagada, L., Goel, M., Shamid, M., Prabhu, S., Chand, S., Sahoo, N. & Rout, P. (2023). Tricks and tracks in resource recovery from wastewater using bio-electrochemical systems (BES): A systematic review on recent advancements and future directions. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 56, Article 104580, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104580

Adibi, N., Osanloo, M. & Rahmanpour, M. (2013). Adverse effects of coal mine waste dumps on the environment and their management, Environmental Earth Science, 70(4), 1581-1592. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-013-2243-0

Bratkova, S., Ivanov, R., Gerginova, M., Peneva, N., Angelov, A. & Alexieva, Z. (2018). Rhizosphere microflora of sediment plant microbial fuel cells. In A. Mendez-Vilas (Ed.) Exploring microorganisms: Recent Advances in Applied Microbiology, pp. 40-43, BrownWalker Press.

Chiu, H., Pai, T. Y., Liu, M. H., Chang, C. A., Lo, F. C., Chang, T. C., Lo, H. M., Chiang, C. F., Chao, K. P., Lo, W. Y., Lo, S. W. & Chu, Y. L. (2016). Electricity production from municipal solid waste using microbial fuel cells, Waste Management and Research, 34(7), 619–629, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16649681

Debnath, K., Dutta, S., 2023, Bio-electrochemical system analysis and improvement: A technical review, Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy, 6, Article 100052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100052

Jambhulkar, H. & Kumar, M. (2019). Eco-restoration approach for mine spoil overburden dump through biotechnological route, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, Article 772, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7873-6

Khudzari, J. M., Tartakovsky, B. & Raghavan, G. S. V. (2016) Effect of C/N ratio and salinity on power generation in compost microbial fuel cells. Waste Management, 48, 135–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.022

Logrono, W., Ramírez, G., Recalde, C., Echeverría, M. & Cunachi, A. (2015). Bioelectricity generation from vegetables and fruits wastes by using single chamber microbial fuel cells with high Andean soils, Energy Procedia 75, 2009–2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.259

Mahamaya, M., Das, S. K. (2017). Characterization of mine overburden and fly ash as a stabilized pavement material. Particulate Science and Technology, 35(6), 660–666, https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2016.1194344

Mahmoud, R., Gomaa, O. & Hassan, R. (2022). Bio-electrochemical frameworks governing microbial fuel cell performance: technical bottlenecks and proposed solutions. RSC Advances, 12, Article 5749, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08487a

Mochamad, B., Syafrudin, A. E., Syarif, H., Candra, P., Ayudya, L., Fadel, M. & Bimastyaji, R. (2021). Waste valorization using solid-phase microbial fuel cells (SPMFCs): Recent trends and status. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, Article 111417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111417

Smith, M. M. & Aber, J. D. (2018). Energy recovery from commercial-scale composting as a novel waste management strategy. Applied Energy, 211, 194–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.006

Song, T., Wang, D., Han, S., Wu, X. & Zhou, C. (2014). Influence of biomass addition on electricity harvesting from solid phase microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(2), 1056-1062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.10.125

Spargo, A. & Doley, D. (2016). Selective coal mine overburden treatment with topsoil and compost to optimise pasture or native vegetation establishment. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, 342-350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.095

Song, T. S. & Jiang, H. L. (2011). Effects of sediment pretreatment on the performance of sediment microbial fuel cells, Bioresource Technology, 102, 10465-10470,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.129

Utomo, H. D., Yu, L. S., Zhi Yi, D. C. & Jun, O. J. (2017). Recycling solid waste and bioenergy generation in MFC dual-chamber model. Energy Procedia, 143, 424–429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.706

Venkata, S. & Chandrasekhar, K. (2011). Solid phase microbial fuel cell (SMFC) for harnessing bioelectricity from composite food waste fermentation: Influence of electrode assembly and buffering capacity. Bioresource Technology, 102 (14), 7077-7085  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.039

Wang, C. T., Lee, Y. C. & Liao, F. Y. (2015). Effect of composting parameters on the power performance of solid microbial fuel cells. Sustainability 7(9), 12634–12643, https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912634

Wang, C. T., Liao, F. Y. & Liu, K. S. (2013). Electrical analysis of compost solid phase microbial fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38(25), 11124–11130  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.120

Wang, S., Hadji-Thomas, A., Adekunle, A. & Raghavan, V., (2024). The exploitation of bio-electrochemical system and microplastics removal: Possibilities and perspectives, Science of Total Environment, 930, Article 172737, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172737

ASSESSMENT OF ZEOLITE USE FOR REMOVAL OF PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS FROM WASTEWATER

Gospodinka Gicheva, Alexander Chanachev, Neli Mintcheva

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; Bulgaria
E-mail: g.gicheva@mgu.bg; a.chanachev@mgu.bg; nnmintcheva@mgu.bg
Corresponding author: g.gicheva@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Zeolites are types of inorganic porous materials that have been widely investigated and applied for their excellent sorption ability for wastewater treatment.  Their low cost, safeness, natural abundance and accessibility make them good candidates for a large-scale application. Pollution generated by organic compounds, especially hydrocarbons from oil spills and crude oil refineries emerge as a great concern for aquatic life and the environment. The hydrophobic and highly stable molecules of hydrocarbons determine their persistence toward conventional methods involved in water treatment plants and accidental spills in oceans and seas. This paper presents the works that have been focused on implementation of natural and synthetic zeolites and their modified forms as well as zeolite composites for removal of hydrocarbons from wastewater.

Key words: zeolites; wastewater treatment; oil spill; hydrocarbon pollution

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110145

References

Baltrėnas, P., Baltrėnaitė, E., Serevičienė, V. & Pereira, P. (2011). Atmospheric BTEX concentrations in the vicinity of the crude oil refinery of the Baltic region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 182, 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1862-0.

Bandura, L., Franus, M., Józefaciuk, G.& Franus, W. (2015). Synthetic zeolites from fly ash as effective mineral sorbents for land-based petroleum spills cleanup. Fuel, 147, 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.067.

Bandura, L., Franus, M., Panek, R., Woszuk, A. & Franus, W. (2015). Characterization of zeolites and their use as adsorbents of petroleum substances. Przemysł Chemiczny, 94, 323–327. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.3.11.

Bandura, L., Panek, P., Madej, J. & Franus, W. (2021). Synthesis of zeolite-carbon composites using high-carbon fly ash and their adsorption abilities towards petroleum substances. Fuel, 283, Article 119173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119173.

Bandura, L., Woszuk, A., Kołodyńska, D. & Franus, W. (2017). Application of mineral sorbents for removal of petroleum substances: A Review. Minerals, 7, Article 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7030037.

Breck, D. W. (1974). Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, and Use. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Carmody, O., Frost, R., Xi, Y. & Kokot, S. (2008). Selected adsorbent materials for oil-spill cleanup — a thermoanalytical study. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 91, 809–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8368-1.

Carmody, O., Frost, R., Xi, Y.& Kokot, S. (2007). Adsorption of hydrocarbons on organo-clays—implications for oil spill remediation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 305, 17–24.     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.09.032.

Chaouati, N., Soualah, A. & Chater, M. (2013). Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution onto zeolites y modified by silylation. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 16, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2012.10.010.

Corma, A. (2003). State of the art and future challenges of zeolites as catalysts.  Journal of Catalysis, 216, 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9517(02)00132-X.

de Magalhães, L. F., da Silva, G. R. & Peres, A. E. C. (2022). Zeolite application in wastewater treatment, Adsorption Science & Technology, Article ID 4544104. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4544104.

Franus, M. & Wdowin, M. (2010). Removal of ammonium ions by selected natural and synthetic zeolites. Gospodarka surowcami mineralnymi – Mineral resources management, 26, 133–148.

Franus, M., Wdowin, M., Bandura, L. & Franus, W. (2015). Removal of environmental pollution using zeolites from fly ash: A review. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24, 854–866.

Inglezakis, J., Loizidou, M. D. & Grigoropoulou, H. P. (2002). Equilibrium and kinetic ion exchange studies of Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ on natural clinoptilolite, Water Research, 36, 2784–2792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00504-8

Kadja, G. T. M., Culsum, N. T. U., Mardiana, S., Azhari, N. J., Fajar, A. T. N., & Irkham (2022). Recent advances in the enhanced sensing performance of zeolite-based materials. Materials Today Communications, 33, Article 104331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104331.

Kalbuadi, D. N., Goenadi, D. H., Santi, L. P., Nurtjahja & L.R. (2019). The potential use of natural clinoptilolite zeolite for crude oil spill removal from sea water. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 7, 446-453. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.76031.

Khader, E., Mohammed, T. J. & Adnan, S. (2021). Reduction of oil and COD from produced water by activated carbon, zeolite, and mixed adsorbents in a fixed-bed column.  Desalination and Water Treatment, 227, 216-227. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27295.

Koshlak, H. (2023). Synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash using alkaline fusion and its applications in removing heavy metals. Materials, 16, Article 4837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134837.

Kordala, N. & Wyszkowski, M. (2024). Zeolite Properties, Methods of Synthesis, and Selected Applications. Molecules, 29, Article 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051069.

Lang, Q., Lu, P., Yang, X. & Valtchev, V. (2024). Zeolites for the environment, Green Carbon, 2, 12–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greenca.2024.02.007.

Laredo, G. C., Trejo-Zarraga, F., Jimenez-Cruz, F. & Garcia-Gutierrez, J. L. (2013). Separation of linear and branched paraffins by adsorption processes for gasoline octane number improvement. Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering, 5, 153–173, https://doi.org/10.2174/2211334711205030001

Liebau, F., Mandarino, J. A., Minato, H., Nickel, E. H., Passaglia, E., Peacor, D. R., Quartier, S., Rinaldi, R. M., Ross, Sheppard, R. A, Tillmanns, E. & Vezzalini, G. (1998). Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the international mineralogical association, commission on new minerals and mineral names. European Journal of Mineralogy, 10, 1037–1081.

Lin, Z., Yuan, P., Yue, Y., Bai, Z., Zhu, H., Wang, T. & Bao, X. (2020). Selective adsorption of Co(II)/Mn(II) by zeolites from purified terephthalic acid wastewater containing dissolved aromatic organic compounds and metal ions. Science of the Total Environment, 698, Article 134287.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134287.

Liu, H. (2022). Conversion of harmful fly ash residue to zeolites: Innovative processes focusing on maximum activation, extraction, and utilization of aluminosilicate. ACS Omega, 7, 20347−20356. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c02388.

Liu, Y. & Kujawinski, E. B. (2015). Chemical composition and potential environmental impacts of Water-soluble polar crude oil components inferred from ESI FT-ICRMS, PLoS One 10,1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136376

Lucien, L., Morgan, P. F., Thybaud, E. & Cossa, D.  (2004). The monitoring programme of the ecological and ecotoxicological consequences of the “Erika” oil spill, Aquatic Living Resources, 17, 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004045.

Methivier, A. (2002). Separation of paraxylene by adsorption. In Guisnet, M. & Gilson, J.-P. (Eds.) Zeolites for Cleaner Technologies. Imperial College Press: London, Vol. 3; Chapter 10, pp. 209–221. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3317.8401.

Mirsalami, S. M. & Mirsalami, M. (2024). Investigation of oil biodegradation using expanded zeolite infused with oil-consuming microorganisms. Environmental Advances, 16, 100551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100551.

Mokrzycki, J., Franus, W., Panek, Sobczyk, R. M., Rusiniak, P., Szerement, J., Jarosz, R., Marcińska-Mazur, L., Bajda, T. & Mierzwa-Hersztek, M. (2023). Zeolite composite materials from fly ash: An assessment of physicochemical and adsorption properties. Materials, 16, Article 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062142.

Muir, B. & Bajda, T. (2016). Organically modified zeolites in petroleum compounds spill cleanup—Production, efficiency, utilization. Fuel Processing Technology, 149, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.010.                                                                                                                          10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.010

Muir, B., Matusik, J. & Bajda, T. (2016). New insights into alkylammonium-functionalized clinoptilolite and Na-P1 zeolite: Structural and textural features. Applied Surface Science, 361, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.116

de Peña, Y.P., López, W., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., Gallignani, M., Brunetto, R., Carrero, P., Rondon, C., Imbert, F. (2000). Synthetic zeolites as sorbent material for on-line preconcentration of copper traces and its determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 403, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00566-8.

Palčić, A. & Valtchev, V. (2020). Analysis and control of acid sites in zeolites. Applied Catalysis A: General, 606, Article 117795. 10.1016/j.apcata.2020.117795. hal-03035450

Ping, W., Gao, W., Cui, X., Hong, J. & Feng, R. (2016). Phenol adsorption equilibrium and kinetics on zeolite X / activated carbon composite, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 62, 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.004.

Rajakovic-Ognjanovic, V., Aleksic, G. & Rajakovic Lj. (2008). Governing factors for motor oil removal from water with different sorption materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154, 558–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.066

Ranck, J. M., Bowman, R. S., Weeber, J. L., Katz, L. E. & Sullivan, E. J. (2005). BTEX removal from produced water using surfactant-modified zeolite. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 131 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:3(434)

Yousef, R. I., El-Eswed, B. & Al-Muhtaseb A. H. (2011). Adsorption characteristics of natural zeolites as solid adsorbents for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: Kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics studies, Chemical Engineering Journal 171, 1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.012.

Sakthivel, T., Reid, D. L., Goldstein, I., Hench, L. & Seal, S. (2013). Hydrophobic high surface area zeolites derived from fly ash for oil spill remediation. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 5843–5850. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3048174.

Sarkar, B., Megharaj, M., Shanmuganathan, D. & Naidu, R. (2013). Toxicity of organoclays to microbial processes and earthworm survival in soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.061.

Seifi, L., Torabian, A., Kazemian, H., Bidhendi, G. N., Azimi, A. A., Farhadi, F. & Nazmara, S. (2011). Kinetic study of BTEX removal using granulated surfactant-modified natural zeolites nanoparticles. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution., 219, 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0719-z.

Shams, K. & Ahi, H. (2013). Synthesis of 5A zeolite nanocrystals using kaolin via nanoemulsion ultrasonic technique and study of its sorption using a known kerosene cut, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 180, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.06.019.

Simpson, J. A. & Bowman, R. S. (2009). Nonequilibrium sorption and transport of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in surfactant-modified zeolite. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 108, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131772.

Szala, B., Bajda, T., Matusik, J., Zięba, K. & Kijak, B. (2015). BTX sorption on Na-P1 organo-zeolite as a process controlled by the amount of adsorbed HDTMA. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials., 202, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.09.033.

Vansant, E.F. (1990). Pore Size Engineering in Zeolites, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester.

Vidal, C. B., Raulino, G. S. C., Barros, A. L., Lima, A. C. A., Ribeiro, J. P., Pires, M. J. R. & Nascimento, R. F. (2012). BTEX removal from aqueous solutions by HDTMA-modified Y zeolite. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.026

Wang, S. & Peng, Y. (2010). Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 156, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029

Wdowin, M., Franus, M., Panek, R., Badura, L. & Franus, W.  (2014). The conversion technology of fly ash into zeolites. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 16, 1217–1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0719-6.

Zhang, H., Samsudin, I., Jaenicke S. & Chuah, G-K., (2022). Zeolites in catalysis: sustainable synthesis and its impact on properties and applications.  Catalysis Science & Technology, 12, 6024-6039. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cy01325h

Zuberogoitia, I., Martinez, J. A., Iraet, A., Azkona, A., Zabala, J., Jimenez, B., Merino, R. & Gomez, G. (2006). Short-term effects of the prestige oil spill on the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 1176–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.016.

INNOVATIVE PROCESS LINE FOR MATERIAL SAMPLE PREPARATION

 V. Fedoskina¹, O. Yu. Svietkina², K. A. Ziborov³, M. M. Yerisov⁴, V. O. Fedoskin⁵

Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
Emails: fedoskina.ev@gmail.com, svietkina.o.y@nmu.one, ziborov@nmu.org.ua, erisov@ukr.net, fedoskin.va@ukr.net

Corresponding author:fedoskina.ev@gmail.com

 ABSTRACT. The successful establishment and sustainable development of mining enterprises depends on a number of factors, including geological research, management of mineral extraction and processing processes, and sample preparation technology. The sample preparation plants that are currently used have a multi-stage technological process, often with manual transfer of material between technological operations. Standard crushing and grinding equipment with a low degree of grinding, high metal consumption and overall dimensions is used. Separation of material by size also occurs on standard screens, which are poorly suited for sample preparation. The purpose of the work is to substantiate an innovative technological scheme for preparing mineral samples for laboratory analysis. The determining unit of the production line is a vibrating jaw crusher with an inclined crushing chamber, which has a degree of material grinding of more than 100 and allows one to obtain a final product with a particle size of -1 mm in one pass in an open crushing cycle, which reduces the number of overload devices that significantly affect sample clogging with material. Horizontal loading of the source material and unloading of the crushed material makes it possible to arrange all equipment in a horizontal plane, eliminate large-sized metal structures and ensure ease of maintenance. The vibrating screen of the improved design has a complex working profile, which provides a significant increase in the path of transportation of material particles along the sieving surface compared to its length, effective cleaning of the mesh and its visual inspection through the transparent lid, which eliminates clogging of the material of the previous sample. The working surface is a set of sieve cards that allow quick replacement of the worn part of the screening surface. The technical characteristics of the equipment and the general view of a small-sized modular crushing and grinding plant are presented.

Key words: mineral exploration sampling, sample preparation, vibrating jaw crusher, vibrating screen, accuracy of analyses

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110144

References

Abzalov, M. (2011). Sampling Errors and Control of Assay Data Quality in Exploration and Mining Geology. In O. Ivanov (Ed.) Applications and experiences in quality control. (pp. 611-644) InTech. doi: 10.5772/14965

Allen, M. (2009). Initial sample preparation. In K. Clive Thompson, C. Paul Nathanail, Chemical Analysis of Contaminated Land, (pp. 34-63), John Wiley & Sons.

Altshul, G. M., Gouskov, A. M. & Panovko, G. Y. (2021). Modelling of the interaction between a rock being processed and a vibratory jaw crusher. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability, 50, 26-33 https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618821010052

Biletskyi, V. S., Oliinyk, T. A., Smyrnov, V. O. & Skliar, L.V. (2019). Tekhnika ta tekhnolohiia zbahachennia korysnykh kopalyn. Chastyna I. Pidhotovchi protsesy. [Technique and technology of mineral enrichment. Part I. Preparatory processes], Kryvyi Rih: Vydavets FOP Cherniavskyi D.O. (in Ukrainian).

Fedoskina, O. V. (2018.) Dynamika vibroudarnoho podribniuvacha z pokhyloiu robochoiu kameroiu [Dynamics of a vibratory percussion crusher with an inclined working chamber.], Avtoreferat kandydats’koi dysertatsii [Abstract of thesis candidate’s dissertation Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine (in Ukr.).

Fedoskina, O. V., Yerisov, M. M. & Fedoskin, V. O. (2023). Features of vibration crushing of geological samples of material. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials (SEPRM), 21-26  https://doi.org/10.58903/ u17190826

Franchuk, V. P. (2010). Vybratsyonnaia tekhnyka v malykh proyzvodstvakh [Vibration technology in small industries]. Geo-Technical Mechanics, 85, 290-296 (in Russ.).

Korman, T., Bedekovic, G., Kujundzic, T. & Kuhinek, D. (2015). Impact of physical and mechanical properties of rocks on energy consumption of jaw crusher. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 51(2), 461-475
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp150208

Lazarieva, I.I. (2015). Prykladna mineralohiia. Chastyna I – Zasoby vyrishennia tekhnolohichnykh zadach prykladnoi mineralohii. [Applied mineralogy. Part I – Means of solving technological problems applied mineralogy]. Kyiv. (in Ukrainian).http://www.geol.univ.kiev.ua/lib/applied_mineralogy.pdf

Mazur, M. (2017). Possible applications of vibratory technology in crushing technological lines. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. SGEM, Bulgaria: 17 (1.1), 965-972. DOI:10.5593/sgem2017/11

Mazur, M. (2019). Examples of vibratory crushers applications in crushing technological lines. New Trends in Production Engineering, 2(1), 28-36.https://doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0003

Mladetskyi, I.K., Pilov, P.I., Levchenko, K.A. & Kuvaiev, Ya.H. (2019). Vyprobuvannia i kontrol protsesiv zbahachennia korysnykh kopalyn. [Testing and control of processes enrichment of mineral minerals]. Dnipro: Zhurfond. (in Ukrainian).https://zkk.nmu.org.ua/ua/naukova_dijalnist/nashi_vydannia/vyprobuvannya.pdf

Omelchuk, O.V., Zahnitko, V.M. & Kurylo, M.M (2017). Poshuky ta rozvidka rodovyshch korysnykh kopalyn. [Search and exploration of fields mineral resources]. Kyiv. (in Ukrainian). http://www.geol.univ.kiev.ua/lib/poshuky_ta_rozvidka_RKK.pdf

Roonwal, G. S. (2018). Mineral Exploration: Practical Application. Springer Geology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5604-8

Shokhin, A. E. (2020). Self-synchronisation of a vibrating jaw crusher with allowance for interaction with the medium processed. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability, 49, 500-510. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618820060084

Sidor, J., & Mazur, M. (2014). Badania procesu rozdrabniania kryształu górskiego w wibracyjnej kruszarki [Examination of crushing rock crystal in a vibratory jaw crusher]. Ceramic Materials, 66(1), 32-36 (in Polish). https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1176611

Sinha, R., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2016). Liner wear in roll crushers: Microscopic investigations. In Advanced Materials, Mechanical and Structural Engineering: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Advanced Materials, Mechanical and Structural Engineering (AMMSE 2015), Jeju Island, South Korea, September 18-20, 2015 (p. 321). CRC Press.

Wolny, S. (2013). Dynamic behaviour of a vibrating jaw crusher for disintegration of hard materials. Archives of metallurgy and materials, 58(3), 883-886.DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0092

OVERCOMING THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE COAL INDUSTRY AS A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO GREENING CARBON ENERGY

Alexander Brodt
MLTS Group of Kairos Development International Inc., Oakland Av. Pontiac, MI 48324 USA

Corresponding author: alexander.brodt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The problem of stopping carbon dioxide emissions from carbon energy can be solved either by ceasing coal mining or by overcoming the shortcomings of the coal industry. The main disadvantage of carbon energy is the emission of carbon dioxide from coal combustion. Carbon dioxide is also formed due to the endogenous oxidation of coal during its transportation. Eliminating carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion can be achieved by forming an underground bifunctional mining and energy system containing except a steam generator with a steam turbine also several types of magnetohydrodinamic generators running by oxygen produced by algae on the earth’s surface that eat carbon dioxide from the exhausted gases from coal combustion. Liquidation of endogenous oxidation of coal can be achieved by replacing wheeled transport with a new type of pipeline transport, using a carrier medium with superior density.

Key words: overcoming the shortcomings of the coal industry, doubling the coal thermal power plant efficiency, avoiding the endogenous oxidation of coal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110143

References

Alexandrov, N. E., Kostin, K. I. & Kukis V. S. (2006). Osnovy teorii teplovykh protsessov i mashin. Chast 2. (3-e izdanie). BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy (in Russian).

Bejan, A. (1997). Advanced engineering thermodynamics (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043799808928263

Branyikova, I.& Lucakova, S. (2021). Technical and physiological aspects of microalgae cultivation and productivity – spirulina as a promising and feasible choice. Organic Agriculture, 11, 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00323-1

Brodt, A. (2023). Increase in the density of carrier medium as a way to create hydrotransport of minerals in large lump form. Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials, 4, 11-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/ u17190824

Chai, S.Y.W. & Ngu, L.H. (2022). Accelerated weathering of limestone bicarbonate induced CaCO₃ precipitation in a mixture of sand, fly ash and CaO. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1257 (1), Article 012024. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1257/1/012024

Chai, S.Y.W., Damu, D. N. A., How, B. S., Chin, M. Y., Adini, M. J. B. A., Kassim A. M., Peter, C. & Ngu, L. H. (2024). Optimization of accelerated weathering of limestone for CO₂ capture in cement industry, AIP Conference Proceedings, 3041, Article 020002. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194621

Chai, S.Y.W., Ngu, L.H., How B. S. (2022). Review of carbon capture absorbents for CO₂ utilization. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 12 (3), 394-427.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.2151

Clarens, A. F., Resurreccion, E. P., White, M. A. & Colosi, L. M. (2010). Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks. Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (5), 1813-1819. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902838n

Cobo, S., Negri, V., Valente, A., Reiner, D. M., Hamelin, L., Mac Dowell, N. & Guillen-Gosalbez, G. (2023). Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: Where to focus. Environmental Research Letters, 18, Article 023001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acacb3

Cox, E. & Edwards, N.R. (2019). Beyond carbon pricing: Policy levers for negative emissions technologies. Climate Policy, 19(9), 1144–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1634509

Crawford, K.M., Busch, M.H.,Locke, H. & Luecke, N.C. (2020). Native soil microbial amendments generate trade-offs in plant productivity, diversity, and soil stability in coastal dune restorations. Restoration Ecology, 28(2), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13073

Devianto, H., Eviani, M. & Prakoso, T. (2024). Application of integrated electrodes materials for enhancing the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, AIP Conference Proceedings, 3073, Article 020003. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194297

Duan-Mu, J-W., Wu, Z-Z., Gao, F-Y., Yang, P-P., Niu, Z-Z., Zhang, Y-C, Chi, L.-P. & Gao, M-R. (2024). Investigation and mitigation of carbon deposition over copper catalyst during electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Precision chemistry, 2, 151−160. https://doi.org/10.1021/prechem.4c00002

Ebrahimi, A.,  Meratizaman, M.,  Reyhani, H. A., Pourali, O. & Amidpour, M. (2015). Energetic, exergetic and economic assessment of oxygen production from two columns cryogenic air separation unit. Energy, 90 (Part 2), 1298-1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.083

Gupta, J., Singla, M. K. & Nijhawan,  P. (2021). Magnetohydrodynamic system – a need for a sustainable power generation source.  Magnetohydrodynamics, 57 (2), 251–272. DOI 10.22364/mhd.57.2.9

IPCC. (2023): Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth  Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 35-115. doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647

Jones, M. Q. W. (2018). Virgin rock temperatures and geothermal gradients in the Bushveld Complex. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 118 (7), 671-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2018/v118n7a1

Jung, F., Krüger-Genge, A., Waldeck, P. & Küpper, J.-H. Spirulina platensis, a super food? (2019). Journal of Cellular Biotechnology, 5(1), 43-54. DOI 10.3233/JCB-189012

Kanzaki, Y., Zhang, S., Planavsky, N. J. & Reinhard, C. T. (2022). Soil cycles of elements simulator for predicting TERrestrial regulation of greenhouse gases: SCEPTER v0.9, Geoscientific Model Development, 15, 4959–4990. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4959-2022

Kirchner, J. S., Berry, A., Ohnemüller, F., Schnetger, B.,  Erich, E., Brumsack H.-Jr. & Lettmann K. A. (2020).  Reducing CO₂ emissions of a coal-fired power plant via accelerated weathering of limestone: Carbon capture efficiency and environmental safety. Environmental science & technology. 54 (7), 4528-4535. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07009

Rau, G. H. (2011). CO₂ mitigation via capture and chemical conversion in seawater. Environmental Science & Technology, 45 (3), 1088-1092. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102671x

Rzhevsky, V. V. & Selivanov G. I. (1989). Podzemnoe sžiganie uglja. MGI

Singh, S. P. & Singh, P. (2014). Effect of CO₂ concentration on algal growth: A review.  Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38,  172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.043

Taylor, L.L., Quirk, J., Thorley, R.M.S., Kharecha, P.A.; Hansen, J., Ridgwell, A., Lomas, M.R., Banwart, S.A. & Beerling, D.J. (2016). Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change, 6, 402–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2882

Vandeginste, V., Lim, C. & Ji, Y. (2024). Exploratory review on environmental aspects of enhanced qeathering as a carbon dioxide wemoval method. Minerals, 14, Article 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14010075.

Enhanced Heavy Metal Extraction from Post-Mining Contaminated Soil through Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Adsorption and Subsequent Phytoremediation

 Velichka Arahangelova¹, Alexandre Loukanov^1,2

 ¹ Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology, Department of Eng. Geoecology, University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski” – Sofia, Bulgaria, E-mails: w.mitova@abv.bg, a.loukanov@mgu.bg
² Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530 Japan, E-mails: loukanov@gunma-ct.ac.jp

ABSTRACT. In the current paper, the iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been demonstrated to facilitate the extraction of heavy metals from post-mining contaminated soil due to their water solubility and adsorption capabilities for the target contaminants. Furthermore, IONPs were subsequently removed from the treated soil through phytoremediation and bioaccumulated in the roots and stems of legume plants. For that purpose, 20 nm IONPs coated with an organic shell of humic acid were engineered and their adsorption capacity was assessed to heavy metals as cadmium (Cd²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), manganese (Mn²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), and nickel (Ni²⁺), which are common pollutants of acid mine drainage. In the framework of phytoremediation employing legume plants, the IONPs were directly introduced into the experimental soil samples alongside compost. Subsequently, it was noted that the legume roots absorbed the nanoparticles, acting as carriers for the captured heavy metals, thus aiding in their translocation to the aboveground portions of the plants. When introduced into soil environments, humic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in combination with compost may exert positive effects on rhizosphere microbial populations. This can occur through the reduction of toxic metal ion levels and the potential side reaction of degrading or transforming organic pollutants into less harmful substances. Ultimately, the heavy metals become immobilized within the plant biomass, which can subsequently be harvested and removed from the contaminated site. This process leads to soil purification and remediation. The report presented here outlines a promising avenue for practical implementation, combining organic-coated IONPs with select plants to enhance bioaccumulation of heavy metals. This approach aims to develop future cost-effective passive treatment systems for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated post-mining sites.

Key words: phytoremediation, iron oxide nanoparticles, post-mining contaminated soil, bioaccumulation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110142

References

Ali, H., Khan, E. & Sajad, M. A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals – concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91, 869–881. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075

Ali, Q., Zia, M. A., Kamran, M., Shabaan, M., Zulfiqar, U., Ahmad, M., Iqbal, R. & Maqsood, M. F. (2023). Nanoremediation for heavy metal contamination: A review. Hybrid Advances, 4, 100091, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100091

Alomar, T., Qiblawey, H., Almomani, F., Al-Raoush, R. I., Han, D. S. & Ahmad N. M. (2023). Recent advances on humic acid removal from wastewater using adsorption process. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 53, 103679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103679

Ba-Abbad, M. M., Benamour, A., Ewis, D., Mohammad, A. W. & Mahmoudi, E. (2022). Synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with different shapes through a co-precipitation method and their application. JOM, 74, 3531–3539. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05380-3

Belal, E. S. & El-Ramady, H. (2016). Nanoparticles in Water, Soils and Agriculture. In S. Ranjan, N. Dasgupta, & E. Lichtfouse (eds) Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 2. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39306-3_10

Datta, A., Sanya, l S. & Saha, S. (2001). A study on natural and synthetic humic acids and their complexing ability towards cadmium. Plant and Soil, 235, 115–125. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011842019753

Dave, P. & Chopda, L. (2014). Application of iron oxide nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metals. Journal of Nanotechnology, Article 398569. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/398569

Gao, M., Chang, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, H. & Wang, T. (2023). Advances in transport and toxicity of nanoparticles in plants.  Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 21, Article 75. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01830-5

Gu, B., Shmitt, J., Chen, Z., Liang, L. & McCarthy J. (1994). Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide:mechanisms and models. Environmental Science and Technololy, 28, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a007

Hu, Z., Lei, Y., Zhang, J., Tong, W., Zhang, Y. & Du, L. (2023). Physiological characterization, antioxidant potential, and bacterial survival of soybean sprouts subjected to pre- and post-harvest low intensity ultrasound and exogenous ascorbic acid application. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 198, 112258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112258

Li, Z., Deblon, J., Zu, Y., Colinet, G., Li, B. & He, Y. (2019). Geochemical Baseline Values Determination and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Lanping Mining Valley (Yunnan Province, China). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 16(23), 4686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234686

Liosis, C., Papadopoulou, A., Karvelas, E., Karakasidis, T., Sarris, I. (2021). Heavy metal adsorption using magnetic nanoparticles for water purification: a critical review. Materials (Basel), 14, Article 7500. doi: 10.3390/ma14247500

Liu, J., Zhao, Z. & Jiang, G. (2008). Coating Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with humic acid for high efficient removal of heavy metals in water. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 18, 6949–6954. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800924c

Loukanov, A., Angelov, A., Takahashi, Y., Nikolov, I., Nakabayashi, S. (2019). Carbon nanodots chelated with metal ions as efficient electrocatalysts for enhancing performance of microbial fuel cell based on sulfate reducing bacteria. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 574, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.067

Loukanov, A., Basnakian, A., Kawamura, R., Udono, H., Filipov, C., Savenska, A., Fite, T. & Nakabayashi, S. (2018a). Light-powered nanoconverters cytotoxic to breast cancer cells. ACS Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122 (14), 7916–7924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11779

Loukanov, A., Mladenova, P., Udono, H., Miskolcz,y Z., Angelov, A., Biczok, L. & Nakabayashi, S. (2018b). Sulfur doped fluorescent carbon dots as nanosensors for rapid and sensitive monitoring of calcium in hard water. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 53, 473–479. https://journal.uctm.edu/node/j2018-3/9_18-21_p_473-479_new.pdf

Palansooriya, K. N., Shaheen, S. M., Chen, S. S., Tsang, D. C. W., Hashimoto, Y., Hou, D., Bolan, N. S., Rinklebe, J. & Ok, Y. S. (2020). Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. Environment International, 134, 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046

Prakash, P. & Chandran S. S. (2023). Nano-phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil: a critical review. Pollutants, 3(3), 360–380. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3030025

Prasad, R., Kumar, V. & Prasad K. S. (2014). Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: present concerns and future aspects. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(6), 705–713. DOI: 10.5897/AJBX2013.13554

Rajput, V. D., Minkina, T., Behal, A., Sushkova, S. N., Mandzhieva, S., Singh, R., Gorovtsov, A., Tsitsuashvili, V.S., Purvis, W.O., Ghazaryan, A. & Movsesyan, H. S.  Ghazaryan, K. A. (2018). Effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on soil, plants, animals and soil organisms: A review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 9, 76–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2017.12.006.

Shahid, M., Pinelli, E., Pourrut, B., Silvestre, J. & Dumat, C. (2011). Lead-induced genotoxicity to Vicia faba L. roots in relation with metal cell uptake and initial speciation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.037

Sharma, R., Garg, R., Bali, M., Eddy, N. (2023). Potential applications of green-synthesized iron oxide NPs for environmental remediation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 195, Article 1397. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-12035-6

Sharma, S. S., Dietz, K. J. & Mimura, T. (2016). Vacuolar compartmentalization as indispensable component of heavy metal detoxification in plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 39(5), 1112–1126. DOI: 10.1111/pce.12706

Sherry, D. (2001). Regulated Metals: The Rule of 20. Pollution Prevention Institute, Kansas State University. https://p2infohouse.org/ref/48/47822.pdf

Thomas, G., Sheridon, C. & Holm, P. (2022). A critical review of phytoremediation for acid mine drainage-impacted environments. Science of The Total Environment, 811, Article 152230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152230

Wang, J. & Delavar, M. A. (2024). Modelling phytoremediation: Concepts, methods, challenges and perspectives. Soil & Environmental Health, 2(1), 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seh.2024.100062

Williams, D. B. & Carter, C. B. (1996). Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-76501-3

Yusoff, A. H. M., Salimi, M. N. & Jamlos, M. F. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles at different pH. AIP Conf. Proc., 1835, 020010. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981832

ACID AND AMMONIA LEACHING OF SECONDARY COPPER SULFIDES

Todor Angelov, Ivanka Valchanova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia
Corresponding author: Todor Angelov, E-mail: tangelov419@gmail.bg

ABSTRACT. The study focuses on understanding the efficiency and kinetics of copper recovery from secondary sulphide ores, which are increasingly becoming a significant source of copper. An experimental investigation was undertaken to assess the leaching behaviour of secondary copper sulphides in acid and ammonia media. The test work consisted of ore sample characterisation, including physico-mechanical properties determination, chemical assay, whole rock analysis, mineralogy, and copper distributions, followed by acid consumption tests, agglomeration, and agitation leach tests. Leaching tests were conducted in a lab-scale agitated reactor using 100 g of the ore sample, 0.3 l of leach solution, а stirring rate of 420 rpm and a leach time of up to 200 hours. The effect of the reaction time and oxidant (Fe³⁺, NO⁺) concentration on the copper recovery was evaluated. The maximum copper extraction was obtained in the test performed using acid media with the addition of NO⁺ as an oxidant. Further, a potential hydrometallurgical process option for recovering copper from secondary sulphide sources is proposed.

Key words: copper, leaching, secondary sulphides, oxidant

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/dv69110151

References

Anderson, C. (2003). Treatment of copper ores and concentrates with industrial nitrogen species catalyzed pressure leaching and non-cyanide precious metals recovery. JOM, 55, 32-36. 10.1007/s11837-003-0085-z.

Bartlett, R. W. (2007). Solution mining: Leaching and fluid recovery of materials (2nd ed). Routledge, Oxfordshire.

Conejeros, V., Pérez, K., Jeldres, R. I., Castillo J., Hernández P. & Toro N. (2020). Novel treatment for mixed copper ores: Leaching ammonia – precipitation – flotation (L.A.P.F.). Minerals Engineering, 149, Article 106242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106242

Ferron, C. J. (2003). Leaching of secondary copper minerals using regenerated ferric sulphate, Hydrometallurgy of copper, SDS Mineral services, Technical bulletin  2003-14, 1-8.

Fisher, W. & Roman, R. (1971). The dissolution of chalcocite in oxygenated sulfuric acid solution. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, CIRCULAR 112.

Habashi, F. (2018). Pyro- versus hydrometallurgy or dry versus wet methods. JOJ Material Science, 3 (4), Article 555618. DOI: 10.19080/JOJMS.2018.03.555618

Nicolle, M., Lampi, M., Valkama, K. & Karonen J. Leaching of copper sulphides. Proceedings of Copper Cobalt Africa, incorporating the 8th Southern African Base Metals Conference 6-8 July, 2015, Livingstone, Zambia, (pp. 183-194).

Radmehr, V., Koleini, S. M. J. & Khalesi M. R. (2013). Ammonia Leaching: A new approach of copper industry in hydrometallurgical processes. Journal of the Institution of Engineers India Ser. D 94, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-013-0029-x

Scheffel, R. Heap leach development – Achieving the correct conceptual design – Part I, Proceedings of Second International Conference on Heap Leach Solutions, 10-13 November  2014, Lima, Peru, 3-30. https://www.heapleachsolutions.ca/WPwebsite/wp-content/ uploads/2020/03/PROCEEDINGS-of-the-2th-International-Conference-on-Heap-Leach-Solutions-compressed.pdf

Scheffel, R., Guzman, A. & Dreier, J. (2016). Development metallurgy guidelines for copper heap leach. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 33, 187–199. https://link.springer.com/article/10.19150/mmp.6840

Radmehr, V.,  Mohammad, S., Koleini, J., Khalesi, M. R. & Tavakoli, M. M. R. Ammonia leaching in the copper industry: a review, Proceedings of XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress – IMPC 2012, 24-28 September, 2012, New Delhi, India (pp. 2512 – 2519).

Thomas, M. (2021). Understanding gangue acid consumption in copper sulphide heap leaching: Predicting the impact of carbonates, silicates and secondary precipitates. Minerals Engineering, 171, Article 107090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107090

Toro, N., Moraga, C., Torres, D., Saldaña, M., Pérez, K. & Gálvez, E. (2021). Leaching chalcocite in chloride media – a review. Minerals (Chemical Engineering and Technology in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy),  11, Article 1197. DOI: 10.3390/min11111197

Walsh, C. A. & Rimstidt, J. D. (1986). Rates of reaction of covellite and blaubleibender covellite with ferric iron at pH 2.0.  Canadian Mineralogist, 24 (1), 35-44.

Phuong Thao Dang¹, Van Thao Le²

¹ Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, 18 Vien Street, Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam; E-mail: dangphuongthao@humg.edu.vn

²Vietnam Mining Science and Technology Association, 655 Pham Van Dong, Co Nhue 1 Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam; E-mail: thaolv51@gmail.com

Corresponding author: dangphuongthao@humg.edu.vn

ABSTRACT.  In recent years, in Quang Ninh coal underground mine, longwall mining has been increasingly applied to meet the energy demand. This has resulted in the potential for increased mining dust. Coal dust is not only harmful to workers but also creates a risk for coal dust explosions in the mine. Therefore, in order to control the mine dust problem, it is necessary to develop a set of dust removal equipment suitable for underground coal mining. High-pressure water ejector system is selected to control dust in Quang Ninh mine. In addition, parameters and criteria for the design of the high-pressure water jet ejector systems have been presented.

Key words: high pressure water ejector system; dust control; air dust reduction; dust hazard

https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190825

Appling high water pressures ejector system to control dust in Quang Ninh underground coal mine

References

Barker, B. & Humphreys, D. (1996). Reduction of dust in return roadways of longwall faces. ACARP, Report C3082. 1996:67 https://www.acarp.com.au/abstracts.aspx?repId=C3082

Courtney, W. G., Cheng, L., Divers, E. F., Jayaraman, N. I. & DeRosa, M. I. (1980). Dust control by water sprays and ventilation. In: Mousset-Jones, P., (Ed.). Second International Mine Ventilation Congress; Nov. 4–8, Reno, NV. AIME (pp. 612-619).

Thao, D. P. & Thao, L. V., Study in applying a high-pressure water ejector system for dust control in coal processing areas at Dong BAC Corporation. Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Mining and Tunnelling (ICAMT), November 2016, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Bałaga, D. (2019). Assessment of efficiency in reduction of dust concentration in mineral processing plants using the state-of-the-art technical measures. New trends in production engineering, 2(1) 11-19. https://doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0001

Pollock, D. & Organiscak, J. (2007). Airborne dust capture and induced airflow of various spray nozzle designs. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41, 711 – 720. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701408517

Kissell, F. N. (2003). Handbook for dust control in mining, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/2003-147.pdf

Wu,^, L., Chen, H., Li, J., Fu, S. & Zhuang Y. (2021). Dust concentration changing regularities and dust reduction technology by spray negative pressure in fully mechanized mining face. Hindawi Geofluids, 2021, Article 1391673. https://doi.org/10.115/2021/1391673

Angel Zabchev, Romeo Alexandrov

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia 1700, email: angel.zabtchev@mgu.bg

Abstract: Based on a patented electromagnetic separator with six electromagnets (EM), a supply voltage and thyristor rectifier are proposed for generating current through the electromagnets. The currents in the six electromagnets create a travelling magnetic field that transports the magnetic material. The control pulses and the harmonic composition of the current are analytically determined.

Keywords: electromagnetic separation, travelling magnetic field, thyristor rectifier control, harmonic composition of voltage and current

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190835

CURRENT CONTROL OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATOR

References:

Donchev, R. V. & Klisuranov, G. S. (2004). Patent BG 64303 B1 № 104941. Electromagnetic separator, 30.09.2004 (in Bulgarian).

Fabris, L. A. & Cappelli, M. A. (2013). Travelling magnetic field plasma accelerator, Proceedings of the 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA, IEPC–2013-86, October 6-10, 2013.

Kumar, H. S., Takahashi, M., & Ohnishi, N. (2020). Numerical simulation of particle acceleration in travelling magnetic field thruster. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Science. Aerospace Tech. Japan, 18, (6), 317-322, DOI: 10.2322/tastj.18.317

Berdyshev, A. S., Djumabayeva, Z. Z., Abdullaev, A. A. & Mussabekov, A. (2021). Study on the travelling magnetic field water purifier, ICECAE 2021, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 939 (2021) 012022, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012022

Xu, Y., Wei, L., Han, B., Guo, E., Wang, M. & Su, Y. (2018). Effect of a traveling magnetic field on micropore formation in Al-Cu alloys. Metals, 8(6), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060448

Shvydkiy, E., Baake, E. & Koppen D. (2020). Liquid metal flow under travelling magnetic field—solidification simulation and pulsating flow analysis. Metals 10(4), 532, https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040532

Li, L. (2010). Electrical and magnetic separation of particles. ETDs. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/210

Stener, J. (2015). Wet low-Intensity magnetic separation: measurement methods and modelling. Lulea University of Technology, ISBN 978-91-7583-464-1 (print), ISBN 978-91-7583-465-8 (pdf).

Cao, S., Wei, D. & Li, J. (2019). Effect of magnetic field in magnetic separation column on particle separation process based on numerical simulation. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 12 (2) 2019 53 – 58, doi:10.25103/jestr.122.08.

Singh, V., Nag, S., Srikakulapu, N. G. & Mukherjee, A. K. (2023). Development of a novel magnetic separator for segregation of minerals of dissimilar electromagnetic properties. Minerals Engineering 193, 108009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108009.

Nikolay Stoyanov, Stefan Dimovski

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia, e-mail: nts@mgu.bg; dimovski@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Until the end of the 20th century, the uncontrolled discharge of highly polluted emissions from the non-ferrous metals companies in Bulgaria was the cause of heavy contamination in vast areas around these industrial sites. In the last two decades, after the introduction of good environmental practices and the closure of polluting industries, a deceleration of the negative processes and a gradual cleaning of the already polluted waters and soils are observed. In order to evaluate and predict these processes, numerical 2D models of the conditions for the subsurface transport of contaminants from the wastewater in the effluent channel of KCM AD-Plovdiv are developed using the VS2DI computer programme. The scheme of convection-diffusion mass-transport is applied, taking into account the concomitant processes of reversible elimination, mechanical dispersion and mixing. Employing the developed models, the fate and transport of pollutants typical for this type of industrial sites – sulphate ions and cadmium (SO₄ and Cd) are studied, taking into account their concentration in the wastewater before and after the application of modern technologies and equipment for remediation of contaminated water. The computer simulation encompasses the period from the construction of the effluent channel till 2035.

Keywords: environment protection, mass transport models, groundwater and soil contamination, heavy metal pollution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190834

MODELS FOR ASSESSING AND PREDICTING THE SUBSURFACE TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS FROM THE WASTEWATER IN THE EFFLUENT CHANNEL OF KCM AD – PLOVDIV, SOUTHERN BULGARIA

References

Adams, E. & Gelhar, L. (1992). Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer. 2. Spatial moments analysis. –  Water Resources Research, 28 (12), 3293-3307. https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01757

Benderev, A., Mihaylova, B., Gerginov, P., Hristov, V. & Singh,  V. (2012). Modification of the River-Aquifer Interaction in the Site of KCM-Plovdiv as a Result of Anthropogenic Impact on Chepelarska River. Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 26, 135-154. (in Bulgarian with an English abstract)

Benderev, A., Petkov, I. & Mihaylova, B. Peculiarities of the groundwater flow regime in region of the KCM-Plovdiv. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference SGEM 2004, 14-18 June 2004, Albena, Bulgaria, (pp. 347-358).

Benderev A., Mihaylova, B., Kerestedjian, T., Atanassova, R. & Singh, V. Assessment of the environmental conditions in the area of KCM Plovdiv smelter, after the measures undertaken for remediation and protection. Proceedings of the National conference with international participation “Geosciences 2009”, Sofia, 3-4 December 2009, (pp. 123-124). (in Bulgarian with an English abstract)

Bredenkamp, D. 1990. Quantitative estimation of groundwater recharge by means of a simple rainfall-recharge relationship. In D. Lerner, A. Issar, & I. Simmers (Eds.), Groundwater recharge. IAH Memoir, v. 8, (pp. 247−256). Heise.

Gerginov, P., Petkov, I. & Spassov, V. Ground-water dynamics as a factor for chemical pollution spread around the metallurgical plant of Assenovgrad – Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference SGEM 2003, 9-13 June 2003, Albena, Bulgaria, (pp. 287-294). (in Bulgarian with an English abstract)

Hsieh, P., Wingle, W. & Healy R. W. 2000. VS2DI – A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media. In USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4130, (pp. 1-16) https://water.usgs.gov/water-resources/software/ VS2DI/vs2di.pdf

Izydorczyk, G., Mikula, K., Skrzypczak, D., Moustakas, K., Witek-Krowiak A. & Chojnacka, K. (2021). Potential environmental pollution from copper metallurgy and methods of management. Environmental Research, 197, 2021, 111050. doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111050.

Pentchev, P., Borisov, S., Velikov, B., Lakov, A. & Spasov, K. (1990). Hidrogeologia i osnovi na inzhenernata geologia. Tehnika, Sofia, 342 p. (in Bulgarian).

Petkov, I., Gerginov, P. & Mihaylova, B. Analiz na hidrogeolozhkite uslovia i stepenta na zamarsyavane na podzemnite vodi v rayona na KZM-Plovdiv. 12th International Symposium ECOLOGY 2003, Bourgas, Bulgaria, Scientific Publications, Book 2, (pp. 168-175). (in Bulgarian with an English abstract)

Stoyanov, N. (2003). Otsenka i prognozirane na zamarsyavaneto na podzemnite vodi ot depa za tvardi bitovi otpadatsi. PhD Thesis, Sofia, University of Mining and Geology, 215 p. (in Bulgarian).

Stoyanov, N. (2018). Mass-transport modelling of a fast-moving contaminant in the subsurface area of industrial sites. Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 32, 13-22. (in Bulgarian with an English abstract).

Stoyanov, N. & Dimovski, S. (2020). Prognostication of groundwater contamination caused by old sanitary landfills – Part I. Models of the mass transport of pollutants through the unsaturated zone. Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 63, 255-260.

Stoyanov, N. & Dimovski, S. (2021). Prognostic model of subsurface contamination caused by new embankments on the territory of Maritsa East coal mining complex – Central Southern Bulgaria. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials (SEPRM) Journal, 2, 57-62 DOI: 10.58903/b15171919

Spitz, K. & Moreno, J. (1996). A practical guide to groundwater and solute modelling. JW&S, NY, 460 p.

van Genuchten, M. Th. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44 (5), 892-898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x

Zhao, D., Wu, Q., Zeng, Y., Zhang, J., Mei, A., Zhang, X., Gao, S., Wang, H., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Qi, S. & Jia X.. (2023). Contamination and human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in topsoil and groundwater around mining and dressing factories in Chifeng, North China. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 10, 8. doi.org/10.1007/s40789-023-00568-7.

Mykola Stadnichuk¹, Oleksandr Krukovskyi², Serhii Kurnosov³, Serhii Makeiev⁴

 ¹Department of Mine Energy Complexes, M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics NAS of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine, E-mail: krosh1983@gmail.com

²Department of Rock Mechanics, M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics NAS of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine, E-mail: igtm@ukr.net

³Department of Mineral Mining at Great Depths, M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics NAS of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine, E-mail: sakurnosov@gmail.com

⁴Department of Mineral Mining at Great Depths, M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics NAS of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine, E-mail: smakeev@ukr.net

Corresponding author: Serhii Makeiev, E-mail: smakeev@ukr.net

ABSTRACT. The current paper is devoted to experimental tests of working protection means in the construction of which concrete in liquid state is used. Such means of protection are most vulnerable to irreversible deformations during the period of their hardening, which coincides with the period of intensive growth of pressure on them from the side of the rock massif. Studies have shown that the pressure of fake rocks on the working protection means depends significantly on the depth of its location and the category of collapse of the roof of the coal seam. The maximum pressure is reached at the moment before the collapse of the roof, that is, at the maximum values of the length of the console of fake rocks, which hangs over the produced longwall space and rests on the working protection means. It was established that the pressure of the fake roof of the coal seam and the relative vertical deformation of the district roadway protection means increase according to the logarithmic dependence of the distance to the longwall outcrop and the time of concrete hardening. With heavy and medium roof collapse, these processes are divided into two stages: in the first stage (the length of which corresponds to the step of the roof collapse), as the longwall moves, the pressure increases intensively, at the moment of collapse it drops by 15-20%, and in the second stage again increases, but 6-8 times more slowly than in the first one, and, provided the relative vertical deformation of the protective device stabilises, passes into a stable mode. With an easily collapsed roof, the step of its collapse does not have a significant effect on the growth and stabilisation of the stress-deformed state of the protective device. The mechanism was revealed and the regularities of loading and deformation of district roadway protection means from a quick-setting mixture depending on the time of its hardening and the distance to the outcrop of longwall, taking into account the category of stability of the roof of the coal seam, were established. Implementation of recommendations for the parameters and technology of the construction of a guard-isolation wall in the conditions of the “Chervonogradska” and “Lisova” mines of the SE “Lvivvugilya” made it possible to reduce the costs of cement-mineral mixture by 27% and save the belt roadways No. 562 and No. 166 for reuse in the production as ventilation during the working out of the adjacent trench column.

Key words: means of protection of district roadways, quick-setting mixtures, concrete packaged protection wall, load intensity of protection means.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190833

EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF CONCRETE MEANS OF PROTECTION FOR COAL MINES DISTRICT ROADWAYS

References

Bulat, A. F., Iljashov M. A. & Usachenko B. M. (ed.), (2004). Temporary Technological Regulations for the Protection of Development Workings of Coal Mines with Cast Strips of Hardening Materials, RIA Dnepr-VAL, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine.

Bulat A. .F. (2014). Advanced Technologies for Tunnel Supporting in Ukrainian Coal Mines, Visnyk of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1, 74-79, https://doi.org/10.15407/visn2014.01.074.

Bulat A. F., Smirnov A. V., Kurnosov S. А., Vozijanov V. S., Tsikra A. A., Zaderiy V. V. & Averkin D.I.(2014). The Method of Working Protection, UA Patent 92305, Patented on 11 August 2014.

КD 12.01.01.503, (2001). Roof Control and Fastening in Longwalls on Coal Seams with Dip Angle up to 35⁰, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Nekache, R., Boukelloul M. & Fredj M. (2015). Stability Analysis of Underground Mining and their Application on the Mine Chaabte El Hamra, Algeria. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 15, 237-243, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.058.

NPAOP 10.0-7.08-93, (1996). Coal Mine Ventilation Design Guide, Kyiv, Ukraine.

NPAOP 10.0-1.01-10, (2010). Safety Rules in Coal Mines, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Rotkegel, M & Bock S. (2015). Impact of Plates Dimensions on Interaction of Mine Workings Support and Rock Mass, Journal of Sustainable Mining, 14 (1), 12-20, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2015.08.003.

Stadnychuk, M. M., Kurnosov S. A., Makeiev, S.Y. Justification of the conformity of the quick-setting mmixture parameters to the conditions of using safety means for the district workings, Szkoła Eksploatacji Podziemnej 2023: Materiały Konferencyjne, Kraków, 27.02–1.03.2023, Kraków: Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk, (pp. 632-636). https://szkolaeksploatacji.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/materialy_sep_2023.pdf.

Xing, Y., Kulatilake, P. & Sandbak, L. (2019). Rock Mass Stability Around Underground Excavations in a Mine. CRC Press, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.1201/ 9780429343230.

Zhang, Z., Shimada, H., Sasaoka, T. & Hamanaka A. (2017). Stability control of retained goaf-side gateroad under different eoof conditions in deep underground Y type longwall mining, Sustainability, 9(10), 1671, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101671.

Zhao J-J, Zhang Y. (2017). Studies on rock failure of layered rocking underground mining-face and control techniques. Geomech Geophys Geo-Energy Geo-Resour, 3, 405-414, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-017-0068-0.

Rosen Ivanov, Petia Genova

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

Corresponding author: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are bio-electrochemical systems in which the anode is placed in the anaerobic sediment and the cathode is immersed in the surface layer of water. Natural exoelectrogenic bacteria decompose organic compounds in sediment, producing electrons and protons. The electrons reach the cathode through an external electrical circuit, while the protons pass through the soil layer, which acts as a kind of membrane. Oxygen is in many cases the preferred electron acceptor due to its presence in the cathode region and its high potential. Heavy metal ions and other compounds can also be reduced on the cathode, which will increase the energy generated. Based on the above characteristics, SMFCs would be suitable for application as biosensors for monitoring water pollution with heavy metals. In the present study, the possibility of application of SMFCs as biosensors for water pollution with copper has been studied. A high correlation was found between the concentration of copper ions in the range 0,1 – 100 mg/L and the voltage generated by SMFC. The constructed SMFC based biosensor showed wider detection limits for copper compared to other authors’ studies as the coefficient of determination reached 0,9911. Native exoelectrogenic bacteria were represented mainly by Geobacter, Clostridium, Anaeromixobacter and Bacillus.

Key words: sediment microbial fuel cell, biosensors, heavy metals detection

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190693

Sediment microbial fuel cell based biosensor for real time detection of Cu²⁺ in industrial wastewaters – operation and effectiveness

References

Abbas, S., Wang, J., Wang, H., Wang, J-X , Wang, Y-T. & Yong Y-C. (2022). Recent advances in soil microbial fuel cells based self-powered biosensor. Chemosphere, 303, 135036, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135036

Alipanahi, R., Rahimnejad, M. (2018). Effect of different ecosystems on generated power in sediment microbial fuel cell. International Journal of Energy Research, 42, 4891–4897, doi:10.1002/er.4199

Alipanahi, R., Rahimnenjad, M. & Najafpour G. (2019). Improvement of sediment microbial fuel cell performances by design and application of power management systems, International. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 125-131, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.162

Deng, H., Jiang, Y. B., Zhou, Y. W., Shen, K. & Zhong, W.H. (2015). Using electrical signals of microbial fuel cells to detect copper stress on soil microorganisms. European Journal of Soil Science 66, 369–377, doi: 10.1111/ejss.12215

Dziegielowski, J., Mascia, M., Metcalfe, B. & Lorenzo, M. (2023). Voltage evolution and electrochemical behaviour of soil microbial fuel cells operated in different quality soils. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 56,  103071 doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2023.103071

Grattieri, M., Hasan, K. & Minteer, S. D. (2017). Bioelectrochemical systems as a multipurpose biosensing tool: present perspective and future outlook. ChemElectroChem 4, 834–842, doi: 10.1002/celc.201600507

Kim, M., Sik, H. M., Gadd, G. M. & Kim J. H. (2007). A novel biomonitoring system using microbial fuel cells. Journal of  Environmental Monitoring, 9, 1323–1328 DOI: 10.1039/b713114c

Liu, L., Lu, Y., Zhong, W., Meng, L. & Deng, H., (2020). On-line monitoring of repeated copper pollutions using sediment microbial fuel cell based sensors in the field environment. Science of The Total Environment, 748, 141544 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141544

Lorenzo, M., Curtis, T. P., Heada, I. M. & Scott, K. (2009). A single-chamber microbial fuel cell as a biosensor for wastewaters. Water Research, 43 (13), 3145–3154, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.005

Nandy, A., Farkas, D., Pepio-Tarega, B., Martinez-Crespiera S., Borras E., Avignone-Rossa C. & Lorenzo M. (2023), Influence of carbon-based cathodes on biofilm composition and electrochemical performance in soil microbial fuel cells. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 16 100276 doi: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100276

Sajana, T., Ghangreka,r M.& Mitra, A. (2014). Effect of operating parameters on the performance of sediment microbial fuel cell treating aquaculture water, Aquacultural Engineering, 61, 17-26, doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng. 2014.05.004

Schneider, G., Kovács, T., Rákhely, G. & Czeller, M. (2016). Biosensoric potential of microbial fuel cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 7001–7009, doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7707-1

Song, N. & Jiang H. (2018). Effects of initial sediment properties on start-up times for sediment microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43, 10082-10093, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.082

Song, N., Yan, Z., Xu, H, Yao, Z., Wang, C., Chen, M., Zhao, Z., Peng, Z., Wang, C. & Jiang H. (2019). Development of a sediment microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for simultaneous online monitoring of dissolved oxygen concentrations along various depths in lake water. Science of the Total Environment, 673, 272–280, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.032

Wang, C. & Jiang, H. (2019). Real-time monitoring of sediment bulking through a multi-anode sediment microbial fuel cell as reliable biosensor, Science of the Total Environment, 697 Article 134009, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134009

Wu, S., Deng, H., Han, C., Liu, L. & Zhong, W. (2018). A novel sediment microbial fuel cell based sensor for on-line and in situ monitoring copper shock in water. Electroanalisys,  30, 1-9, doi:10.1002/elan.201800424

Zhang, K., Cao, H., Chen, J., Wang, T., Luo, H., Chen, W., Mo, Y., Li, L., An, X. & Zhang, X. (2022). Microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor for combined heavy metals monitoring and associated bioelectrochemical process, International. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(49), 21231-21240, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.225

Zhao, Q, Ji, M., Li, R.& Ren, Z. (2017) Long-term performance of sediment microbial fuel cells with multiple anodes. Bioresource Technology 237, 178-185, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.002

Emmanuel Ababio Ofosu-Mensah

Department of History, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, West Africa;
E-mail: eaofosu-mensah@ug.edu.gh ORCID: 0000-0003-4376-1849

Corresponding author: eaofosu-mensah@ug.edu.gh

ABSTRACT: This study examines precolonial gold mining in Akyem Abuakwa in Ghana’s Eastern Region. It uses a historiographical approach, combining primary and secondary data and oral interviews to show the mineral processing and metallurgical technology used in mining Abuakwa gold in the historic period. It also demonstrates that precolonial gold mining in Akyem Abuakwa was less destructive to the environment, compared to the modern mining. It also highlights the techniques utilised by native Africans to mine gold, before the advent of Western technology and finance.

Key words: Small-scale artisanal gold mining, mineral processing, metallurgical technology, Akyem Abuakwa, Ghana

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190832

TRADITIONAL GOLD MINING IN AKYEM ABUAKWA IN GHANA’S EASTERN REGION

References 

Addo-Fening, R. (1988). The ‘Akim’ or ‘Achim’ in 17 Century and 18th Century Historical Contexts: Who were they?. Research Review, 4(2), 1-15.

Addo-Fening, R. (1976). The Gold mining industry in Akyem Abuakwa c1850-1910. Sankofa, 2, 15-35.

Addo-Fening, R. (1987). Customary land tenure system in Akyem Abuakwa. Universitas, 9, 95-105.

Addo-Fening, R. (1997). Akyem Abuakwa, C. 1874-1943. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

Affrifah, K. (2000). The Akyem Factor in Ghana’s History, 1700-1823. Ghana Universities Press. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.1527

Arhin, K. (1967). The financing of the Ashanti expansion (1700-1820). Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 37(3), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1158151

Arhin, K. (1970) The impact of cocoa cultivation on the traditional land tenure system of the Akan of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Sociology, 43-61.

Arhin, K. (1978). Gold-mining and trading among the Ashanti of Ghana. Journal Des Africanistes, 48, 1. https://doi.org/10.3406/jafr.1978.1806

Arhin, K. (1996). No elders were present: Commoners and private ownership in Asante, 1807-96. Journal of African History, 37, 1-30.

Austin, G. (1975). Mode of production or mode of cultivation: explaining the failure of European cocoa planters in competition with African farmers in colonial Ghana. In W. Clarence Smith (Ed.), Cocoa Pioneer Fronts since 1800: the Role of Smallholders, Planters and Merchants (1^st ed., pp. 154–175). Macmillan.

Austin, G. (1996). Sub-Saharan Africa: Land rights and ethno-national consciousness in historically land-abundant economies. In Stanley L. Engermand and Jacob Metze (Ed.), Land rights, ethno- nationality, and sovereignty in history, (1^st ed., pp. 276-93) Routledge.

Austin, G. (2005). Labour, land, and capital in Ghana: from slavery to free labour in Asante, 1807-1956. University of Rochester Press.

Biersack, A. (1999). The Mount Kare Python and his gold: totemism and ecology in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. American Anthropologist, 101, 68-87.

Bossman, W. (1704). A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

Buah, F.K. (1980). A History of Ghana. Macmillan Press Ltd.,

Burton, R. F., Lovett, V. C. (1883). To the Gold Coast for Gold. Chatto & Windus.

Casely-Hayford, J. E. (1903). Gold Coast Native Institutions: With Thoughts upon a Healthy Imperial Policy for the Gold Coast and Ashanti. Sweet and Maxwell.

Clark, J. (1993). Gold, sex, and pollution: Male illness and myth at Mt Kare, Papua New Guinea. American Ethnologist, 20(4), 742- 57.

Crook, R. (1976). Akyem Abuakwa and the politics of the inter-war period in Ghana. Contributions from R. Addo-Fening et al. Basel Afrika Bibliography No. 12; Basel: Afrika Verlag der kreis (joint publication with Historical Society of Ghana), 1975. pp. 166. The Journal of African History, 17(1), 158-159. https://doi:10.1017/S0021853700014961

Crooks, J. J. (1923). Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements 1750-1874. Brown and Nolam.

Cruickshank, B. (1858). Eighteen Years on the Gold Coast. Hurst & Blackett

Curtin, P. D. (1973). The lure of Bambuk gold. Journal of African History. 14(4), 623-631.

Daaku, K. Y. (1970a). Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600-1720, a Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. Clarendon Press.

Daaku, K. Y. (1970b). Oral Traditions of Denkyira. I.A.S Legon.

Danquah, J. B. (1928). The Akim Abuakwa Handbook, Foster Groom.

Debrunner, H. W. (1967). A History of Christianity in Ghana. Waterville publishing House.

Dickson, K. B. (1969). A Historical Geography of Ghana. Cambridge University Press.

Dumehasie, K. (1997). Asamankese Crises of 1919-1939: An evaluation of Western economic forces and their impact on Akyem Abuakwa’s socio-political institutions [Mphil Thesis].

Dumett, R. (1998). El Dorado in West Africa. The Gold-Mining Frontier, African Labour, and Colonial Capitalism in the Gold Coast, 1875- 1900,. Ohio University Press.

Dumett, R. (1972). African merchants and traders: agents of the major towns of Ghana during the late nineteenth century. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3(2), 261-264.

Dumett, R. (1979). Pre-colonial gold mining and the state in the Akan eegion: with a critique of the Terray hypothesis. Research in Economic Anthropology, 2, 37-68.

Dumett, R. (1987). Pre-colonial gold mining in Wassa: innovation, specialisation, linkages to the economy and the State. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 65(1), 210-224)

Elias, T. O. (1956). The Nature of African Customary Law. Manchester University Press.

Ellis, A. B. (1887). The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa. Chapman & Hall.

Fage, J. D. (1955). A History of West Africa. Cambridge University Press.

Feldtman, W. R. (1932). The mines of the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation. The Mining Magazine, 329-337.

Ferguson, G. E. & Arhin, K. (1974). The papers of George Ekem Ferguson A Fanti official of the Government of The Gold Coast 1890-1897. Afrika-Studiecentrum; African Studies Centre.

Firmin-Sellers, K. (1996). The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast. Cambridge University Press.

Fynn, J. K. (1971). Asante and its Neighbours 1700-1807. Longman

Garrard, T. F. (1980). Akan Weights and the Gold Trade. Longmans.

Garrard, T. F., Ferrazzini, P. A., & Musée, Barbier-Mueller. (1989). Gold of Africa: Jewellery and ornaments from Ghana, Côte D’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal in the collection of the Barbier-Mueller Museum. Prestel. https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=fzvrAAAAMAAJ

McCarthy, E.T. (1909). Early days on the Gold Coast. Mining Magazine, 291-95.

McCaskie, T. C (1980). Time and the calendar in nineteenth-century Asante: An exploratory essay. History in Africa, 7, 179-200.

McCaskie, T. C. (1978). The creation of Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, Ltd., ca. 1890-1910: an episode in the colonial impact upon Asante. Asantesem, 9, 37-55.

Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2010). Traditional gold mining in Adanse. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 19(2), 124-147. https://doi.org/10.53228/njas.v19i2.210

Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2011). Historical overview of traditional and modern gold mining in Ghana. International Research Journal of Library, Information and Archival Studies, 1(1), 006-022.

Ollenu, N. A. (1985). Ollemu’s Principles of Customary Land Law in Ghana. CL Press.

Ott, A. (1968). Akan gold weights. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 9, 17-42.

Republic of Ghana Statistical Service (2010). Population and Housing Census Report https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/

Reindorf, C. C. (1966). The History of the Gold Coast and Asante. Ghana Universities Press.

Reynolds, E. (1992). Trade and Economic Change on the Gold Coast 1807- 1874. Pergamon Press.

Rodney, W. (1969). Gold and slaves on the Gold Coast. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 10, 13-28.

Rømer, R. F. (1874). The Coast of Guinea Part IV “The African History, Customs and Way of Life. Institute of African Studies

Storsveen, T. (2010). Closing the Books: Governor. Edward Carstensen on Danish Guinea 1842-50. Sub-Saharan Publishers.

Hill, P. (1959). The History of the Migration of Ghana Cocoa Farmers. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 55, 14-28.

Hilson, G. & Potter, C. (2005). Structural adjustment and subsistence industry: artisanal gold mining in Ghana. Development and change, 36(1), 103-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00404.x

Holmes, W. F. (1926). Notes on the early history of Tarkwa as a gold mining district. Gold Coast Review, 11(1), 78-117.

Hopkins, A. G. (1973).  An Economic History of West Africa

Johnson, M. (1964). Migrant’s progress. Bulletin of the Ghana Geographical Association, 9, 4-27.

Junner, N. R. (1943). The diamond deposits of the Gold Coast with notes on other diamond deposits in West Africa.  Bulletin (Gold Coast Geological Survey), Gold Coast Geological Survey, Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation 12, (pp. 1-52).

Macdonald, G. (1902). Gold in West Africa. Journal of the Royal African Society, 1, 416-30.

Grischow, J. (2008). Rural community: Chiefs and social capital, the case of Southern Ghana. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(1), 64-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00163.x

Grischow, J., McKnight, G. (2008). The power of social capital: Historical studies from colonial Uganda and the Gold Coast. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 42(1), 98-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2008.10751374

Terray, E. (1989). Gold Production, Slave labour and state intervention in pre- colonial Akan societies: A reply of Raymond Dumett R. (1983). Research in Economic Anthropology, 5, 95-129.

Terray, E. (1974). Long distance exchange and the formation of the state: the case of the Abron Kingdom of Gyaman. Economy and Society, 111, 315-45.

Gold Coast Akan Laws and Customs and the Akim Abuakwa Constitution (1928). George Routledge & Sons Ltd.

Green, R. H & Hymer, S. H. (1966). Cocoa in the Gold Coast: a study in the relations between African farmers and agricultural experts. Journal of Economic History, 26, 299-319.

Griffiths, J. (1986). What is Legal Pluralism? Journal of Legal Pluralism, 24, 1-53

Vogelgesang, F. (1998). After land eeform the market?. Land eeform, Land Settlement and Cooperatives (FAO), 1, 20-34.

Werthmann, Katja (2003). Cowries, gold and bitter money. Gold mining and notions of Ill-Gotten Wealth in Burkina Faso. Paideuma, 49, 105-124

Dimitar Kaykov¹, Danail Terziyski², Kremena Arsova-Borisova³, Milan Stajić⁴

¹University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: dimitar.kaykov@mgu.bg
²University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: d.terziyski @mgu.bg
³University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: kremena.arsova@mgu.bg
⁴University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, 19210 Bor; E-mail: mstajic@tfbor.bg.ac.rs
Corresponding author: dimitar.kaykov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Truck haul costs, as one of the predominant operational costs for mining and quarrying operations, are known to be heavily dependent on the design parameters of haul roads. Furthermore, in-pit haul road design parameters determine the pit limits and therefore, the potential feasibility of the mining operation. Thus, when in search of an optimal solution in terms of in-pit haul roads, one should primarily consider the location of the in-pit haul road, its design features and the deriving operational costs regarding extraction and haul costs. A suitable objective function in this case may be the undiscounted profit for the ultimate pit design. However, for each considered scenario, truck and excavator operational costs can be calculated using simulation techniques for better accuracy. Furthermore, finding an optimal solution requires the execution of a reliable and efficient algorithm, depending on the shape of the objective function. Hence, a non-linear optimisation approach was proposed in this paper for solving the in-pit haul road optimisation problem, based on a simulation of the materials allocation, which was used for calculating the objective function. Design parameters were assumed to be predetermined, while the only variable used for finding an optimal solution was the location of the in-pit haul road inside the pit contour. In addition, two 1-D algorithms were compared for finding the optimal solution (Search with accelerated step size and 1-D Simplex method). Furthermore, two regression models are proposed (Multiple Linear Regression – MLR and Non-Linear Regression – NLR), which could identify the more feasible region for the in-pit haul road location and reduce the number of iterations required for convergence.

Key words: in-pit haul road, open-pit mine, design parameters, non-linear optimisation, simulation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190831

A NON-LINEAR OPTIMISATION APPROACH TO IN-PIT HAUL ROAD DESIGN

References

Akay, A. E., Aruga, K., Bettinger, P. & Sessions, J. (2013). Using optimisation techniques in designing forest roads and road networks. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1), (pp. 49-62). Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/ en/pub/barofd/issue/3390/46709

Aleksandrova E. & Trifonova M. Otsenka ustoychivostta na otkosi s otchitane na riska. Nauchni trudove na Sayuza na uchenite v Bulgaria – Plovdiv, Seria B. Estetstveni i humanitarni nauki, tom HV, Nauchna sesia “Tehnika i tehnologii, estestveni i humanitarni nauki” 25-26^th October 2012, Dom na uchenite, (pp. 107-111), ISSN 1311 – 9192, (in Bulgarian),

Aleksandrova, E. (2008). Vazmozhnosti za tehnologichno upravlenie na ustoychivostta na otkosite. Nauchna konferentsia s mezhdunarodno uchastie “Naukata v usloviyata na globalizatsia”, tom ІІІ, chast ІІ, 1-2 oktomvri, 2008, (pp. 337 – 341), Izdatelstvo “Daga-JK”, Kardzhali, ISBN 978-954-9634-33-4, (in Bulgarian)

Atkinson, T. (1992). Design and layout of haul roads, in SME Mining Engineering Handbook (2^nd ed.), Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, USA., (pp. 1334-1342), ISBN 978-0873351003

Hustrulid, W., Kuchta, M. & Martin, R. (2013). Open pit mine planning and design. (3^rd Edition), CRC, UK, ISBN 978-1466575127

Ivanova, V., Karacholov, P., Malinova, D., Pavlov, P. & Balev, V. (2016). Geotehnicheski izsledvania na glinite ot dolnia horizont na vatreshnoto nasipite na rudnik “Troyanovo-1”, klon na “Mini Maritsa Iztok” EAD vav vrazka s vtorichnoto mu izzemvane. VII International Geomechanics Conference, 1 yuli 2016, Varna, (pp. 34-44), ISSN 1314-6467 (in Bulgarian).

Kecojevic, V. & Komljenovic, D. (2010). Haul truck fuel consumption and CO₂ emission under various engine load conditions. Mining engineering, 62(12), 44-48.

Koprev, I. (2015). Rudnichni patishta. Sofia, Avangard Prima, Sofia, ISBN 978-619-160-529-3 (in Bulgarian)

Koprev, I., Aleksandrova, E. (2022). Otkrit dobiv na polezni izkopaemi. Sofia, Izdatelska kashta “Sv. Ivan Rilski”, ISBN 978-954-353-459-3, (in Bulgarian)

Liu, D. & Pourrahimian Y. (2021). A framework for open-pit mine production scheduling under semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying systems with the high-angle conveyor, Mining, 1(1). 59-79. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/mining1010005

Mohutsiwa, M. & Musingwini, C. (2015). Parametric estimation of capital costs for establishing a coal mine: South Africa case study. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 115(8), 789-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/V115N8A17

Morales-Varela, N., Nancel-Penard, P. & Parra, A. An integer linear programming model for optimising open pit ramp design, 38th APCOM proceedings, Session 11, May 2017, Denver, Colorado, USA, (pp. 9-16)

Nancel-Penard, P., Parra, A., Morales-Varela, M., Díaz, C. & Widzyk- Capehart, E. (2019). Value-optimal design of ramps in open pit mining, Archives of Mining Sciences, 64(2), 399-413. DOI: 10.24425/ams.2019.128691

Panayotova, M., Vlaseva, E., Aleksandrova, E. & Bratkova, S. (2013). Vazdeystvie na dobiva i prerabotvaneto na polezni izkopaemi varhu okolnata sreda. Sofia, Izdatelska kashta “Sv. Ivan Rilski”, ISBN 978-954-353-213-1, (in Bulgarian)

Paricheh, M. & Osanloo, M. Determination of the optimum in-pit crusher location in open-pit mining under production and operating cost uncertainties, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries, 3-4 October 2016, Istanbul, Turkey (pp. 1–7).

Pavlov, P., Banov, M. & Totev, L. (2015). Environmental consequences of copper mining. 8. Freibergeb Geotechnik-Kolloquium 2015. Technische Universitaet – Bergakademie Freiberg, 18 Juni 2015, Gerrnany, (pp.177-182), ISBN 978-3-86012-517-5

Poniewierski, J. (2017). Pseudoflow explained. A discussion of Deswik pseudoflow pit optimisation in comparison to Whittle LG pit optimisation. Deswik Mining Consultants Pty Ltd.https://www.deswik.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Pseudoflow-Explained.pdf

Rao S. S. (2009). Engineering optimisation. Theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DOI:10.1002/9780470549124

Saleki, M., Kakaie, R. & Ataei, M. (2019). Mathematical relationship between ultimate pit limits generated by discounted and undiscounted block value maximisation in open pit mining. Journal of Sustainable Mining. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2019.03.003

Stoyanchev, G. (2014). Podzemen vagledobiv. IK “Dvorets na kulturata”, Pazardzhik, ISBN: 978-954-8944-26-7 (in Bulgarian).

Stoyanov, S. (1993). Optimizatsia na tehnologichni protsesi. Izdatelstvo Tehnika, Sofia. ISBN 954-03-0256-0 (in Bulgarian).

Terziyski, D. & Kaykov, D. (2022). Haul road design optimisation approach following technological constrains in open pit mining. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials, 3(3), 78–88. https://doi.org/ 10.58903/c16182123

Thompson, R., Peroni, R., & Visser, A. (2018). Mining haul roads: theory and practice (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429491474

Yarmuch, J. L., Brazil, M., Rubinstein, H., & Thomas, D. A. (2020). Optimum ramp design in open pit mines. Computers & Operations Research. 115, 104739 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.06.013

https://rpmglobal.com/product/haulsim/ (Last accessed on 28^th April 2023)

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Irena Spasova, Stoyan Groudev

University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg
Corresponding author: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Laden leach solution, generated from bioleaching of pyrometallurgical copper slags with a mixed culture of moderately thermophilic bacteria in a bioreactor, contains several base metals (Cu, Co, Zn) and a very high concentration of iron (33,9 g/ L). Further processing of cobalt and zinc to the respective final products requires preparatory iron removal from the laden leach solution. The direct iron removal from that solution as goethite was unacceptable because of the significant co-precipitation of copper and cobalt from the solution. The main aim of this paper is to study magnetite (Fe₃O₄) synthesis as an approach for iron removal to a value-added product as a step of the processing of a laden solution generated due to the bioleaching of non-ferrous metals in a bioreactor. Ferrous iron oxidation to ferric state was efficient when the addition of H₂O₂ (30 %) was combined with maintaining the pH 3,1-3,3 with NaOH and air purging. Solvent extraction with 25 % D2EHPA and 7,5 % TBP dissolved in kerosene efficiently separated the dissolved iron and the base metals from the processed solution. However, in the presence of H₂, the iron was stripped from the organic solvent with low acid consumption. The applied precise control of the chemical precipitation and oxidation processes at 50 degrees Celsius allowed the iron content (11,7 g/ L) in the stripping solution to be removed efficiently as magnetite (Fe₃O₄). Based on the chemical content of iron, copper and sulphur, the synthesised nanoparticles of magnetite could be applicable in many sectors (steel, chemical, and electronics).

Keywords: iron, bioleaching, solvent extraction, magnetite

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190829

IRON REMOVAL FROM LADEN BIOLEACHING SOLUTION BY PROCESSES OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND MAGNETITE SYNTHESIS

References

Akinwekomi, V., Maree, J. P., Masindi, V., Zvinowanda, C., Osman, M. S., Foteinis, S., Mpenyana-Monyatsi, L. & Chatzisymeon, E. (2020). Beneficiation of acid mine drainage (AMD): A viable option for the synthesis of goethite, hematite, magnetite, and gypsum – Gearing towards a circular economy concept. Minerals Engineering,  148, 106204. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106204

Asokan, P., Saxena, M. & Asolekar, S. R. (2006). Hazardous jarosite use in developing a non-hazardous product for engineering application. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137, 1589–1599. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.054

Bezdorozhev, O., Kolodiazhnyi, T. & Vasylkiv, O. (2017). Precipitation synthesis and magnetic properties of self-assembled magnetite-chitosan nanostructures. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 428, 406–411, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.12.048

Cornell, R. M. & Schwertmann, U. (2004). The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses. Wiley-VCH Verlag.

Dutrizac, J. E. (1990). Converting jarosite residue into compact hematite products. The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 42, 36–39. doi: 10.1007/bf03220521

Dutrizac, J. E. & Dinardo, O. (1983). The co-precipitation of copper and zinc with lead jarosite. Hydrometallurgy, 11, 61–78. doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(83)90016-6

Fang, M., Strom V., Olsson, R. T., Belyova, L. & Rao, K. V. (2012). Particle size and magnetic properties dependence on growth temperature for rapid-mixed co-precipitated magnetite nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 23, 145601. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/14/145601

Flores, R. G., Andersen, S.L.F., Maia, L.K.K., Jose, H.J. & Moreira, R.F.P.M. (2012). Recovery of iron oxides from acid mine drainage and their applications as adsorbents or catalysts. Journal of Environmental Management, 111, 53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.017

Georgiev, P., Spasova, I., Groudeva, V., Nikolova, M., Lazarova, A., Iliev, M., Ilieva, R. & Groudev, S. (2017). Bioleaching of valuable components from a pyrometallurgical final slag. Solid State Phenomena, 262, 966 – 969. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.696

Georgiev, P., Nicolova, M., Ivanova, M.-F., Spasova, I.& Groudev, S. (2022). Study on the ferric iron adsorption on LEWATIT resin in a fixed bed column. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials, 3, 39-44. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7007024

Gnanapkarash, G., Mahadevan, S., Jayakumar, T., Kalyanasundaran, P., Philip, J. & Raj, B. (2007). Effect of initial pH and temperature of iron salt solutions on the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 107, 168–175. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.02.011

Hedin, R. S. Sustainable mine drainage treatment through passive production of saleable iron oxide solids. Proceedings of the 7^th International Conference of Acid Rock Drainage, 26-27 March 2006. St, Louis Mo. R.I. Barnhisel (ed). American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2006 (pp 764-773) DOI: 10.21000/JASMR06020764

Hong, R. Y., Li, J. H., Li, H. Z., Ding, J.,. Zheng, Y. & Wei, D.G. (2008). Synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles without inert gas protection used as precursors of magnetic fluids. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 320, 1605-1614. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.01.015

Huang, P., Jiang, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Chen, X. & Yang, X. (2015). Recycling sulphur and iron resources in the waste ferrous sulphate. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2229-2237. doi:10.1007/s10973-014-4306-1

Ismael, M.R.C. & Carvalho, J.M.R. (2003). Iron recovery from sulphate leach liquors in zinc hydrometallurgy. Minerals Engineering, 16, 31-39. doi: 10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00310-2

Jolivet, J. P., Chaneac, C., Tronc, E. (2004). Iron oxide chemistry. From molecular clusters to extended solid networks. Chemical Community, 481-487. doi: 10.1039/B304532N

Kaksonen, A. H., Boxall, N., J., Gumulya, Y., Khaleque, N. N., Morris, C., Bohu, T., Cheng, K.Y., Usher, K. M. & Lakaniemi, A. M. (2018). Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy and microbial characterisation. Hydrometallurgy, 180, 7-25. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.06.018

Karamanev, D. G., Nicolov, L. N., & Mamatarkova, V. (2002). Rapid simultaneous quantitative determination of ferric and ferrous ions in drainage waters and similar solutions. Minerals Engineering, 15, 341-346. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00026-2

Kefeni, K., Msagati, T. M., Mamba, B. B. (2015). Synthesis and characterisation of magnetic nanoparticles and study their removal capacity of metals from acid mine drainage. Chemical Engineering Journal, 276, 222-231. doi :10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.066

Marcello, R. R., Galato, S., Peterson, M., Riella, H.G. & Bernardin, A.M. (2008). Inorganic pigments made from recycling coal mine drainage treatment sludge. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 1280-1284. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.005

Ni, S., Wang, X., Zhou, G., Yang, F., Wang, J., Wang, Q. & He, D. (2009). Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and its application in a lithium-ion battery. Materials Letters, 63, 2701-2703. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.09.047

Ni, S., Wang, X., Zhou, G., Yang, F., Wang, J., Wang, Q. & He, D. (2010). Size-controlled and morphology-tuned fabrication of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals and their magnetic properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 505, 727 – 732. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.06.126

Niculescu, A.G., Chircov, C. & Grumzescu, A. M. (2022). Magnetite nanoparticles: Synthesis methods – a comparative review. Methods, 199, 16-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.018

Principe, F. & Demopoulos, G. P. (2005). Comparative study of iron (III) separation from zinc sulphate-sulphuric acid solution using the organophosphorus extractant OPAP and D2EHPA. Part II Stripping. Hydrometallurgy, 79, 97-109. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.06.006

Sole, K.C., Moiman, M. B. & Hardwick, E. (2017). Ion exchange in hydrometallurgical processing: an overview and selected applications. Separation & Purification Reviews, 47(2), 150-178. doi:10.1080/15422119. 2017.1354304

Sole, K. C. (2008). Solvent extraction in the hydrometallurgical processing and purification of metals: process design and selected applications. In: M. Aguilar & J. L. Cortina (Eds.) Solvent Extraction and Liquid Membranes. Fundamentals and Applications in New Materials, (pp. 142-200). CRC Press.

Sun, J. & O`Keefe T. J. (2002). Evaluation of steel scrap as a reducing agent in the galvanic extraction from D2EHPA. Minerals Engineering, 15, 177 – 185, doi: 10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00004-3

Tipsawat, P., Wongpratat, U., Phumying, S., Chanlek, N., Chokprasombat, K. & Maensiri, S. (2018). Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties. Applied Surface Science, 446, 287–292. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.053

Zhang, L. & Zhang, Y. (2009). Fabrication and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanowire arrays in different diameters. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 321, 215-220. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.09.036

Wang, K., Li, J., McDonald, R. G. & Browner, R.E. (2011). The effect of iron precipitation upon nickel losses from synthetic atmospheric nickel laterite leach solutions: statistical analysis and modelling. Hydrometallurgy, 109, 140-152. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.06.009

Petia Genova¹, Katerina Nikolova¹, Anatoliy Angenov¹, Svetlana Bratkova¹, Nato Mirdzveli²

 ¹University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; Bulgaria
² Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1086, Tbilisi, Georgia
Corresponding author: Svetlana Bratkova, E-mail: s_bratkova@mgu.bg

 ABSTRACT. One of the commonly used methods for removing sulphates from mine waters is the precipitation. The classical approach for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) rich in heavy metals and sulphates at about of 2000 mg/L is based on using Ba added in different forms – Ba(Cl)₂, Ba(OH)₂, BaCO₃, BaS. In the present study, barite precipitation with the use of BaS was implemented in a laboratory installation in continuous mode. The scheme of the installation includes series-connected chemical reactors and settlers, which allows the sequential implementation of three processes – liming, barite precipitation and recarbonation. Real AMD containing high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals has been effectively treated by the laboratory installation. The application of BaS effectively reduces the concentration of sulphates below 200 mg/L and the electrical conductivity of the treated waters is significantly reduced.

Key words: AMD, barite precipitation, sulphates, heavy metals.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190828

BARITE PRECIPITATION FOR TREATMENT OF MINE WATERS WITH HIGH SULPHATE CONCENTRATIONS

References

Bologo, V., Maree, J. P. & Carlsson F. (2012). Application of magnesium hydroxide and barium hydroxide for the eemoval of metals and sulphate from mine water. Water SA, 38(1), 23–28. DOI: 10.4314/wsa.v38i1.4

Bosman, D., Clayton, J., Maree, J. & Adlem, C. (1990). Removal of sulphate from mine water with barium sulphide. International Journal of Mine Water, 9(1), 149-163. DOI: 10.1007/BF02503689

Bowell, R. J. (2000). Sulphate and salt minerals: the problem of treating mine waste. Mining Environmental Management, 11–13.

Bowell, R. J. A review of sulphate removal options for mine waters. In: Jarvis, A. P., Dudgeon, B. A. & Younger, P. L. (eds): Mine Water 2004 – Proceedings of International Mine Water Association Symposium 2, 20-25 September 2004, Newcastle upon Tyne (pp. 75–91).

Fernando, W.A.M., Ilankoon, I.M.S.K., Syed, T. H. & Yellishetti, M. (2018). Challenges and opportunities in the removal of sulphate ions in contaminated mine water: A Review. Minerals Engineering, 117, 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.12.004

Garbarino, E., Orveillon, G., Saveyn, H., Barthe, P. & Eder, P., (2018). Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference document for the management of waste from extractive industries in accordance with directive 2006/21/EC, EUR 28963 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, DOI: 10.2760/35297 (online)

Kefeni, K. K., Titus, A. M., Msagati, B. & Mamba, B. (2017). Acid mine drainage: prevention, treatment options, and resource recovery: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151(10), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2017.03.082

Lewis, A. E. (2010). Review of metal sulphide precipitation, Hydrometallurgy, 104(2), 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hydromet.2010.06.010

Maree, J. P., Hlabela, P., Nengovhela, R., Geldenhuys, A. J., Mbhele, N., Nevhulaudzi, T. & Waanders, F. B., 2004. Treatment of mine water for sulphate and metal removal using barium sulphide. Mine Water and the Environment, 23(4), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-004-0062-y

Nikolova, K., Bratkova, S., Angelov, A., Genova, P., Ivanov, R. & Stefanova, A. (2020). Treatment of sulphates-rich solutions through ettringite precipitation with rndustrial reagents, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials, 1, 74-78, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4270121

Santander-Muñoz, M., Cardozo-Castillo, P. & Valderrama-Campusano L. (2021). Removal of sulphate ions by precipitation and flotation. Ingenieria e Investigacion, 41(3), (e90349). https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v41n3.90349

Spaldon, T., Hanculak, J., Sestinova, O., Findorakova L.&  Fedorova E. (2017). Barium use for sulphates eemoval at various pH Values. Inzynieria Mineralna, (1), 65-69. DOI: 10.29227/IM-2017-01-12

Fîță Nicolae Daniel¹, Stănilă Daniela Sorina², Păsculescu Dragoș³, Lazăr Teodora⁴, Popescu Florin Gabriel⁵,  Mureșan-Grecu Florin⁶

¹University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: daniel.fita@yahoo.com
²University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: sorina_stanila@yahoo.com
³University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: pdragos_74@yahoo.com
⁴University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: teomititica@yahoo.com
⁵University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: floringabriel82@yahoo.com
⁶University of Petroșani, 332006 Petroșani; E-mail: flomavon2002@yahoo.com
Corresponding author: daniel.fita@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. The need for analysis of the nuclear subsector, which generates critical nuclear infrastructure, comes in the context in which the possible occurrence of non-supply cases with uranium raw materials, nuclear fuels and nuclear electricity, could generate major issues of national interest, with European and NATO implications. The authors consider that addressing the uranium mining subsector is a strict national security issue because the lack of nuclear raw materials, their prefabricated materials or nuclear electricity can cause enormous damage to domestic consumers, industry and the national economy, which are dependent on electricity.

Key words: uranium mining subsector, ensuring energy security

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190827

STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS OF THE URANIUM MINING SUBSECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING OF ROMANIAN ENERGY SECURITY

References

Bahnareanu, C. (2008). Securitate energetică, Centrul de Studii Strategice de Apărare și Securitate, Editura Universitatea Națională de Apărare “Carol I”. București (in Romanian with an English abstract) Energy Security, Defence and Security Strategic Studies Centre, “Carol I” National Defence University Publishing House, Bucharest

Baumann, F. (2008). Energy security as multidimensional concept. CAP Policy Analysis, 1,. 1-14. http://www.cap.lmu.de/download/2008/CAP-Policy-Analysis-2008-01.pdf

Bian, Q., Han, Z., Veuthey, J., & Ma, B. (2021). Risk perceptions of nuclear energy, climate change, and earthquake: How are they correlated and differentiated by ideologies? Climate Risk Management, 32, 100297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100297

BP Statistical Review of World Energy (Ed.) (2018.) BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018  67 edition, BP p.l.c, (pp. 31-44) https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/ business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/ statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf

Fîță, N. D., Radu, S. M., Păculescu, D. (2021). Asigurarea, controlul și stabilitatea securității energetice în context de creștere a securității industriale și naționale – compendiu academic. Editura Universitas Petroşani, ISBN 978-973-741-743-5, (In Romanian) Ensuring, Controlling and Stability of Energy Security in the Context of Increasing Industrial and National Security – Academic Compendium, Universitas Publishing House – Petroşani .

Ministry of Energy (2016). Romania Energy Strategy 2016-2030 with Perspective 2050, 2016, 64 pp. (in Romanian), Summary in English https://energie.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/ 2016/11 /Romanian-Energy-Strategy-2016-2030-executive-summary3-1.pdf

World Nuclear Association (2018). Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century (4th ed.) https://www.world-nuclear.org/shop/products/nuclear-energy-in-the-21st-century-4th-edition.aspx

World Nuclear Association (2020.) The World Nuclear Supply Chain: Outlook 2040, https://www.world-nuclear.org/shop/products/the-world-nuclear-supply-chain-outlook-2040.aspx

World Nuclear Association (2021). The Nuclear Fuel Report: Global Scenarios for Demand and Supply Availability 2021-2040, (20th ed.) https://www.world-nuclear.org/shop/products/the-nuclear-fuel-report-global-scenarios-2021.aspx

Wu Y., Chen Z., Wang Z., Chen, S., Ge, D., Chen, C., Jia, J., Li, Y., Jin, M.,  Zhou, T., Wang, F., & Hu. L. (2019). Nuclear safety in the unexpected second nuclear era,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – USA,   116(36): 17673–17682. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1820007116

O.V. Fedoskina, M.M. Yerisov, V.O. Fedoskin

 Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine. Emails: erisov@ukr.net, fedoskin.va@ukr.net

Corresponding author: fedoskina.ev@gmail.com

 ABSTRACT. An innovative method of vibro-impact grinding of geological samples, implemented in a vibrating jaw crusher with an inclined crushing chamber, is considered to obtain a product of -1 mm in one crushing cycle. The technique consisted in comparing the results of crushing quartzite and magnetite with a particle size of 60…80 mm according to the existing multi-stage technology using jaw and roller crushers, as well as the proposed single-stage technology using a vibrating jaw crusher. Three technological schemes for the preparation of samples of quartzite and magnetite were modelled with obtaining granulometric characteristics after each piece of equipment. The analysis of the results showed almost the same particle size distribution of the samples according to the multi-stage scheme: jaw crusher, screening -2mm, roller crusher, screening -1mm and single-stage: vibrating jaw crusher, screening -1mm. The output of the finished material was 80%. The studies substantiated the feasibility of creating a small-sized vibrating jaw crusher with a crushing ratio of i ≥ 100 for the preparation of geological samples, operating in an open cycle and replacing at least two pieces of crushing equipment, two screens and mounting elements, which significantly reduces the metal consumption of the structure, the occupied area and simplifies maintenance.

Key words: vibratory jaw crusher, grinding, geological sample, sample preparation, degree of crushing

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190826

FEATURES OF VIBRATION CRUSHING OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES OF MATERIAL

References

Altshul, G. M., Gouskov, A. M., Panovko, G. Y. & Shokhin, A. E. (2020). Interaction model of one jaw of a vibrating jaw crusher with the processed rock, taking into account the properties of the electric motor, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 747, 012047, DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/747/1/012047

Altshul, G. M., Gouskov, A. M. & Panovko, G. Y. (2021). Modelling of the interaction between a rock being processed and a vibratory jaw crusher. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability, 50, 26-33 https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618821010052

Balaram, V. & Subramanyam, K. S. V. (2022). Sample preparation for geochemical analysis: strategies and significance. Advances in Sample Preparation, 1, 100010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100010.

Biletskyi, V. S., Oliinyk, T. A., Smyrnov, V. O. & Skliar, L.V. (2019). Tekhnika ta tekhnolohiia zbahachennia korysnykh kopalyn. Chastyna I. Pidhotovchi protsesy. [Technique and technology of mineral enrichment. Part I. Preparatory processes], Kryvyi Rih: Vydavets FOP Cherniavskyi D.O. (in Ukrainian).

Evans, N. J., Davis, J. J., Byrne, J. P. & French, D. (2003). Contamination-free preparation of geological samples for ultra-trace gold and platinum-group element analysis. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 80(1), 19-24 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00140-7

Fedoskin, V. O. (1982) Dinamika i razrabotka metodov rascheyta vibroizmelchitelnyih mashin vibroudarnogo deystviya [Dynamics and development of methods for calculating vibro-crushing machines of vibro-impact action], Avtoreferat kandydats’koi dysertatsii [Abstract of thesis candidate’s dissertation]. Georgian Polytechnic Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia (in Russian).

Fedoskina, O. V., Franchuk, V. P., Fedoskin, V. О. & Haddad J. S. (2022). Improving the efficiency of the impact crusher with inclined working chamber. Geo-Technical Mechanics, 161, 66-74.

Franchuk, V. P. (2010). Vybratsyonnaia tekhnyka v malykh proyzvodstvakh [Vibration technology in small industries]. Geo-Technical Mechanics, 85, 290-296 (in Russ.).

Khytrov, V. H., Belousov, H. E., Bozhevolnova, N. A. et al. (1985). Nadёzhnost analyza hornykh porod (fakty, problemy, reshenyia) [Reliability of rock analysis (facts, problems, solutions)], Nauka, (in Russian).

Korman, T., Bedekovic, G., Kujundzic, T. & Kuhinek, D. (2015). Impact of physical and mechanical properties of rocks on energy consumption of jaw crusher. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 51(2), 461-475
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp150208

Mazur, M. (2017). Possible applications of vibratory technology in crushing technological lines. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. SGEM, Bulgaria: 17 (1.1), 965-972. DOI:10.5593/sgem2017/11

Mazur, M. (2019). Examples of vibratory crushers applications in crushing technological lines. New Trends in Production Engineering, 2(1), 28-36 https://doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0003

Mishchuk, Ye. (2014). Teoretychni doslidzhennia robochoho protsesu vibratsiinoi shchokovoi drobarky [Theoretical studies of the working process of a vibratory jaw crusher]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats (haluzeve mashynobuduvannia, budivnytstvo) [Digest of scientific works (industry mechanical engineering, construction)], 3(42), 70-77 (in Ukrainian).

Okechukwu, C., Dahunsi, O.A., Oke, P.K., Oladele, I.O., Dauda, M. & Olaleye, B.M. (2017) Design and operations challenges of a single toggle jaw crusher: a review. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(3), 814 – 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.22

Ostroumov, H. V. (Ed.). (1979). Metodycheskye osnovy yssledovanyia khymycheskoho sostava hornykh porod, rud y myneralov [Methodological foundations for the study of the chemical composition of rocks, ores and minerals]. Nedra (in Russian).

Shokhin, A. E. (2020). Self-synchronisation of a vibrating jaw crusher with allowance for interaction with the medium processed. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability, 49, 500-510. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618820060084

Sidor, J., & Mazur, M. (2013). Zastosowanie kruszarki wibracyjnej w procesach bardzo drobnego kruszenia surowców mineralnych i przemysłowych odpadów ceramicznych [The use of a vibratory crusher in processes of very fine crushing of raw materials and industrial waste ceramics]. Ceramic Materials, 65(1), 71-75 (in Poland). https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1183014

Sidor, J., & Mazur, M. (2014). Badania procesu rozdrabniania kryształu górskiego w wibracyjnej kruszarki [Examination of crushing rock crystal in a vibratory jaw crusher]. Ceramic Materials, 66(1), 32-36 (in Poland). https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1176611

Wolny, S. (2013). Dynamic behaviour of a vibrating jaw crusher for disintegration of hard materials. Archives of metallurgy and materials, 58(3), 883-886.DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0092

Alexander Brodt

MLTS Group of Kairos Development International Inc., 31 Oakland Av. Pontiac, MI 48324 USA, E-mail: alexander.brodt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Existing coal hydro-transport technologies require preliminary grinding of coal into powder. The same circumstance prevents the use of pipeline transport for the delivery of granite, limestone and other building materials from mining sites to the consumer. With an increase in the density of the carrier medium it becomes possible to supply through the pipeline coal and other solid materials in lumpy form. After the complete regeneration of the carrier medium, the delivered coal or lump material in such a water-salt liquid is no different from that transported by rail. The regenerated working liquid is completely returned to the head of the process.

Key words: hydro-transport, water-salt heavy liquid, pipeline

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190824

INCREASE IN THE DENSITY OF CARRIER MEDIUM AS A WAY TO CREATE HYDROTRANSPORT OF MINERALS IN LARGE LUMP FORM

References

Wasp, E. J. (1975). Progress with coal slurry pipelines. Mining Congress Journal (United States), 62(4), 27-32.

Thomas, A. D. Pipelining of coarse coal as a stabilised slurry – another viewpoint, Proceedings of 4-th International Technical Conference on Slurry Transportation, 28-30 March, 1979, Las Vegas, USA.

Brodt, A. S. (1984). Sposob podyoma poleznogo iskopaemogo i ustroystvo dlya ego osushchestvleniya. Opisanie izobreteniya k avtorskomu svidetelstvu SSSR №1248927. Zayavleno 25.07.84. Opublikovano 07.08.86 Method of lifting minerals and device for its implementation, USSR Patent Office, Patent No 1,248,927, Patented on August 7, 1986.

Perez, R. M., Siquier, S., Ramirez, N., Muller, A. J. & Saez, A. E. (2004). Non-Newtonian annular vertical flow of sand suspensions in aqueous solutions of guar gum. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 44, 317-331 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2004.03.006

Van Den Berg, G.& Cooke, R. (2005). Hydraulic hoisting technology for platinum mines. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 105, 323-332.

Brodt, A. S, Sharovar, I. I. (1990). Klassifikatsiya tyajyolykh sred dlya gidrostaticheskjgo podyoma poleznykh iskopaemykh. V sbornike: Intensivnaya podgotovka i otrabotka shakhtogo polya. Moskva, Moskovskiy gorny institut, 1990, (pp. 30-33). Classification of heavy carriers for the hydrostatic lift of mineral products. In Mine Field Intensive Preparation and Working-off (pp. 30-33). Moscow Mining Institute.

EIA (The U.S. Energy Information Administration) (2023) Coal explained Mining and transportation of coal. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, DC https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/mining-and-transportation.php, accessed 17.07.2023

Mutchek, M., Cooney, G., Pickenpaugh, G., Marriott, J. & Skone, T. (2016). Understanding the contribution of mining and transportation to the total life cycle impacts of coal exported from the United States. Energies, 9, 559; doi:10.3390/en9070559

Pradono, P. Syabri, I., Shanty, Y. R. & Fathoni, M. (2019). Comparative analysis on integrated coal transport models in South Sumatra, Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 7, 696–704.

Sherwood, J., Bickhart, Jr. R., Murawski, E., Dhanani, Z., Lytle, B., Carbajales-Dale, P. & Carbajales-Dale, M. (2020). Rolling coal: The greenhouse gas emissions of coal rail transport for electricity generation. Journal of Cleaner Production,  259, 120770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120770

Ekmann, J. M. & Le, P. H. (2004). Coal storage and transportation. In C. Cleveland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Energy, 551-580 https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00286-2

Samanta, B. & Samaddar, A. B. (2019). Underground mining slurry transportation viability. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 6, 430–437 doi:10.1007/s40789-019-0257-2

Jati, H. A.,Monei, N., Barakos, G.,  Tost, M. & Hitch, M. (2021). Coal slurry pipelines: A coal transportation method in Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 35 (9), 638-655 https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2021.1949857

Willett, E., Vargo, D. & DeVore, D. (2019). Fundamentals of water-soluble thickeners for industrial lubrication. Functional Products Inc. 1-13, http://functionalproducts. com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/FPI_WaterSoluble Thickeners_Industrial.pdf

Fernandez, F. & Quigley, R. M. (1988). Viscosity and dielectric constant controls on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils permeated with water-soluble organics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 25 (3), 582–589 https://doi.org/10.1139/t88-063

Li, P., Zhang, F., Zhang, C., Tan, J., Liu, G., Li, X., Wang W. & Sun, G. (2021). Review of chemical viscosity reduction technology for ordinary heavy oil reservoirs based on environmental protection. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 706, 012019, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/706/1/012019

Jahns, R. H. (1939). Clerici solution for the specific gravity determination of small mineral grains. American Mineralogist, 24, 116-122.

Velichka Arahangelova¹, Alexandre Loukanov^1,2

 ¹ Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology, Department of Eng. Geoecology, University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski” – Sofia, Bulgaria, E-mails: w.mitova@abv.bg, a.loukanov@mgu.bg
² Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530 Japan, E-mails: loukanov@gunma-ct.ac.jp

ABSTRACT. The bioaccumulation and environmental toxicity of colloidal contaminants have always been the focus of extensive research. Here we report efficient extraction of iron oxide colloidal contaminants from mine drainage effluents by phytoremediation with legume plants. The smallest fine particles with size less than 10 nm exhibit two wide absorption peaks at 350 and 495 nm, respectively. They have good dispersibility in aqueous environment and are highly resistant to removing or purification by any gravitational settings. The ultra-small nanosized particles (with average diameter 2-3 nm) can be bioaccumulated into the roots of soybean sprouts and might cause physiological stress and inhibition of the germination process. All experimental data found delayed growth, as well as decreased biomass production, which was observed in both the stem and root system of treated sprouts. Nevertheless, the immersed in mine effluent plants showed some resistance to the colloid toxicity. The light microscopic analysis also revealed the occurrence of more intensive symbiosis between the root tubers and the rhizosphere microbial communities in the case of phytorenmediation. The absorbance spectroscopic measurement demonstrated about 90 % efficient colloidal removement from the suspension within 10 days treatment. The atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis of mineralised sprouts cultured in synthetic mine effluents found that the highest concentration of accumulated iron in the legume plants was 258,02 ± 23,48 mg/100 g, which was achieved in suspension of 25 mM FeSO₄. The presented report enables potential practical application of legume plants in the circumneutral passive treatment systems for remediation of mine effluents.

Key words: Mine effluents, colloidal contaminants, bioaccumulation, circumneutral passive treatment systems

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/u17190823

PHYTOREMEDIATION AND EXTRACTION OF COLLOIDAL CONTAMINANTS FROM MINE EFFLUENTS THROUGH LEGUME PLANTS

References

Ahmad, E., Zaidi, A., Khan, M. & Oves, M. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity to symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganism and host legumes. In: A. Zaidi, P. Wani & M. Khan (Eds.), Toxicity of heavy metals to legumes and bioremediation (pp. 29–44). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0730-0_2

Ali, H., Khan, E. & Sajad, M. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals – concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91, 869–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075

Ayub, M., ur Rehman, M., Umar, W., Zuhra, N. & Shabaan, M. (2022). Chapter 18 – Role of legumes in phytoremediation of heavy metals. Advances in Legumes for Sustainable Intensification, (pp. 345–360). https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-323-85797-0.00011-2

Bhat, S., Bashir, O., Ul, Haq, S., Amin, T., Rafiq, A., Ail, M., Americo-Pinheito, J. & Sher, F. (2022). Phytoremediation of heavy metals in soil and water: An eco-friendly, sustainable and multidisciplinary approach. Chemosphere, 303, 134788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134788

Fagorzi, C., Checcucci A., diCenzo, G., Debiec-Andrzejewska, K., Dziewit, L., Pini, F. & Mengoni, A. (2018). Harnessing rhizobia to improve heavy-metal phytoremediation by legumes. Genes, 9, 542. doi: 10.3390/genes9110542

Guhra, T., Ritschel, T. & Totsche, K. U. (2021). The mechanisms of gravity-constrained aggregation in natural colloidal suspensions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 597, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.153

Hao, X., Taghavi, S., Xie, P., Orbach, M., Alwathnani, H., Rensing ,C. & Wei, G. (2014). Phytoremediation of heavy and transition metals aided by legume-rhizobia symbiosis. International Journal of Photoremediation, 16, 179–202. DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2013.773273

Hearman, H. S. & Herman, M. L. (1991). Toxic effects of colloids in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Clinics 7, 713–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0704(18)30302-6

Jach, M. E., Sajnaga, E. & Ziaja, M. (2022). Utilisation of legume-nodule bacterial symbiosis in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Biology (Basel), 11, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050676

Kimpiab, E., Kapiamba, K., Foliac, L., Oyekola, O. & Petrik, L., (2022). Synthesis of stabilised iron nanoparticles from acid mine drainage and rooibos tea for application as a fenton-like catalyst. ACS Omega, 7, 24423–24431. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01846

Kumar, A., Maiti, S., Tripti, Prasad, M. & Singh, R. (2015). Grasses and legumes facilitate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils in the vicinity of an abandoned chromite–asbestos mine. Joutnal of Soils and Sediments, 17, 1358–1368. DOI 10.1007/s11368-015-1323-z

Loukanov, A., Angelov, A., Takahashi, Y., Nikolov, I. & Nakabayashi, S. (2019). Carbon nanodots chelated with metal ions as efficient electrocatalysts for enhancing performance of microbial fuel cell based on sulfate reducing bacteria. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 574, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.067

Loukanov, A. & Emin, S. (2016). Biotinylated vanadium and chromium sulfide nanoparticles as probes for colocalisation of membrane proteins. Microscopy Research and Technique, 79, 799–805. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22701

Loukanov, A., Mladenova, P., Toshev, P., Karailiev, A., Ustinovich, E. & Nakabayashi, S. (2018). Real time monitoring and quantification of uptake carbon nanodots in eukaryotic cells. Microscopy Research and Technique, 81, 1541–1547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23161

Masindi, V., Foteinis, S., Renforth, P., Ndiritu, J., Maree, J. P., Tekere M. & Chatzisymeon, E. (2022). Challenges and avenues for acid mine drainage treatment, beneficiation, and valorisation in circular economy: A review. Ecological Engineering, 183, 106740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106740

Pajuelo, E., Carrasco, J., Romero, L., Chamber, M. & Gotor, C., (2007). Evaluation of the metal phytoextraction potential of crop legumes. Regulation of the expression of O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase under metal stress. Plant Biology, 9, 672–681. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965439

Park, I., Tabelin, C. B., Jeon, S., Li, X., Seno, K., Ito, M. & Hiroyoshi, N. (2019). A review of recent strategies for acid mine drainage prevention and mine tailings recycling. Chemosphere, 219, 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2018.11.053

Saria, L., Shimaoka, T. & Miyawaki, K. (2006). Leaching of heavy metals in acid mine drainage. Waste Management  Resêarch, 24, 134–140. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X06063052

Tack, F.M., Callewaert, O.W.J. J. & Verloo, M. G. (1996). Metal solubility as a function of pH in a contaminated, dredged sediment affected by oxidation. Environmental Pollution, 91, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00049-6

Tessier, A., Fortin, D., Belzile, N., DeVitre, R. R. & Leppard, G. G., (1996). Metal sorption to diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and associated organic matter: Narrowing the gap between field and laboratory measurements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00413-0

Tchounwou, P. B, Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K. & Sutton, D. J., (2012). Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. In: A. Luch, (Ed.) Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Experientia Supplementum,101, Springer, 133–164. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6

Zhang, W., Morales, V. L., Cakmak, M. E., Salvucci, A. E., Geohring, L. D, Hay, A. G., Parlange, J.-Y. & Steenhuis, T. S., (2010). Colloid transport and retention in unsaturated porous media: effect of colloid input concentration. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 4965–4972. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100272f

Zielinska-Dawidziak, M. & Siger, A. (2012). Effect of elevated accumulation of iron in ferritin on the antioxidants content in soybean sprouts. European Food Research and Technology, 234, 1005–1012. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1706-y.

Angel Zabchev, Romeo Alexandrov

ABSTRACT. The AZUR apparatus is intended to control the insulating resistance in mine networks with an isolated star centre. The indication of the measured insulating resistance is realised by a pointer meter with a reversed nonlinear scale, which makes it difficult to read. The methodology for the development of an analogue converter is considered here, which linearises the non-linear characteristic current-resistance and, together with a light indicator, the device allows for more accurate and easy reading. An analysis of the error and the measurement range is made.
Keywords: insulating resistance control, mine power networks, measuring analogue converter.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007092
https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182124

MEASURING THE INSULATING RESISTANCE IN NETWORKS WITH ISOLATED STAR CENTRE CONTROLLED BY AN AZUR DEVICE

1. Sheingolf D. H., 1974. Nonlinear circuit handbook: designing with analog function modules and IC’s, Analog Devices inc., Norwood, Massachusetts.

2. Faulkenberry L. M., 1982. An introduction to operational amplifiers with linear IC applications, J. Wiley, New York, USA.

3. Rutkowski G., 1975. Handbook of integrated – circuit operational amplifiers, Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA

Danail Terziyski, Dimitar Kaykov

ABSTRACT. Modern mining practices rely to a great extent on the application of numerical methods for establishing design alternatives, leading to significant economic benefits. In the current article mine haul road design and construction are treated as two interconnected problems – 1) selection of a suitable optimisation for haul road design and selection of an optimal pit design solution; 2) selection of a suitable technology for haul road construction. Based on previous research, the main factors which determine haul road design feasibility have been identified. They are used for the purpose of establishing the key performance parameters which define the optimality of a haul road design solution. An optimisation problem is defined, which relies on different design solutions and the alternatives for a feasible ultimate pit design. Solutions of this optimisation problem are expected to maximise the mine’s long-term profit. Furthermore, statistical parameters were obtained providing insight into affirming why a certain design solution is more dominant to others in a more robust way.
Key words: haul road design, haul road construction, open-pit mining

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007086
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182123

HAUL ROAD DESIGN OPTIMISATION APPROACH FOLLOWING TECHNOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS IN OPEN-PIT MINING

1. Akay A. E, Aruga, K., Bettinger, P. , Sessions, J., 2013. Using optimisation techniques in designing forest roads and road networks. Journal of Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 15 (1), 49–62.

2. Aleksandrova E. Ikonomicheski podhod pri proektiraneto na rudnitsi. Mezhdunarodna nauchna konferentsia “Predizvikatelstvata pred naukata vav vrazka s chlenstvoto na Bulgaria v ES”, 7 – 8 yuni, 2007, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (in Bulgarian).

3. Aleksandrova E. 2013. Rakovodstvo za uprazhneniyata po tehnologia pri otkritia dobiv na polezni izkopaemi (tehnologichni shemi na prokarvane na otkriti minni izrabotki), Sofia, 2013 (in Bulgarian).

4. Aleksandrova E., Zlatanov P. Planirane na razshiryavaneto na minnoto proizvodstvo po metoda na dinamichnoto optimirane. Nauchna konferentsia s mezhdunarodno uchastie „Naukata v usloviyata na globalizatsia”, tom ІІІ, chast ІІ, 1-2 oktomvri, 2008, Kardzhali, Bulgaria (in Bulgarian).

5. Anachkov A., Konstantinov G. 1985. Proektirane na otkriti rudnitsi. Tehnika, Sofia (in Bulgarian).

6. Atkinson T., 1992. Design and layout of haul roads, in SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, USA.

7. Baek J., Cho, Y. 2017. A new method for haul road design in open-pit mines to support efficient truck haulage operations, Applied Sciences, 7(7), 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070747

8. Casal G., Santamarina D., Vázquez-Méndez M. E., 2017. Optimisation of horizontal alignment geometry in road design and reconstruction. Transportation Research Part C, 74, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.11.019

9. Douglas D.,  Peucker T., 1973. Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature, The Canadian Cartographer, 10, 112–122.  DOI: 10.3138/FM57-6770-U75U-7727

10. Grenon M., Laflamme A. 2011. Inter-ramp and bench design of open-pit mines: the Portage pit case study. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(11), 1601-1615. DOI: 10.1139/t11-062

11. Hays M. R., 1990. “Trucks,” in Surface Mining Handbook, Kennedy, B.A., ed., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, CO, 672-691.

12. Heinimann H. R., Stückelberger J. A., Chung W., 2003. Improving automatic grid cell based road route location procedures, in: High tech forest operations for mountainous terrain. ed. K. Stampfer, Austro 2003: Schlaegl, Austria, 1–10.

13. Hustrulid W., Kuchta M., Martin R., 2013. Open pit mine Planning and Design, CRC, UK

14. Kecojevic V., Komljenovic D. 2010. Haul truck fuel consumption and CO₂ emission under various engine load conditions. Mining engineering, 62(12), 44-48.

15. Koprev I., Djobov I. 2017, Rakovodstvo po protsesi pri otkritia dobiv na polezni izkopaemi. Avangard Prima, Sofia (in Bulgarian)

16. Koprev I. 2015. Rudnichni patishta. Sofia,  Avangard Prima, Sofia (in Bulgarian)

17. Koprev I. 2016. Tehnologia na dobiva na skalno-oblitsovachni materiali. Avangard Prima, Sofia (in Bulgarian)

18. Latecki L. J., Lakamper R., 1999. Polygon evolution by vertex deletion, in: Scale-space theories in computer vision, eds. Nielsen, M., Johansen P., Olsen, O. F., Weickert, J. Proceedings of International Conference on Scale-Space’99’, LNCS 1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48236-9_35

19. Liu D, Pourrahimian Y., 2021. A framework for open-pit mine production scheduling under semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying systems with the high-angle conveyor, Mining, 1(1). 59-79. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining1010005

20. Mohutsiwa M., Musingwini C., 2015. Parametric estimation of capital costs for establishing a coal mine: South Africa case study, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 115(8), 789-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/V115N8A17 

21. Mondal S., Lucet Y., Hare W. 2015. Optimising horizontal alignment of roads in a specified corridor. Computers & . Operations Research, 64, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2015.05.018

22. Morales N., Nancel-Penard P., Parra A., 2017. An integer linear programming model for optimising open pit ramp design, 38th APCOM proceedings, Session 11, 9-16. Nancel-Penard P., Parra A., Morales M., Díaz C.,

23. Widzyk-Capehart E.,  2019. Value-optimal design of ramps in open pit mining, Archives of Mining Sciences, 64(2), 399-413. DOI: 10.24425/ams.2019.128691

24. Paricheh M., Osanloo M. Determination of the optimum in-pit crusher location in open-pit mining under production and operating cost uncertainties. 16th International Conference on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industries, Istanbul, Turkey. 5-7 October, 2016, CAMI2016-34.

25. Stückelberger J. A., 2008. A weighted-graph optimisation approach for automatic location of forest road networks. ETH Zurich. Doctoral Thesis.

26. Stoev H., Dhobov I., Aleksandrova E., Trapov G., Smilyanov A., 2012. Kriteriy za ekspresna otsenka na dva i poveche konkurentni proekta pri razrabotka na nahodishte v otkritia dobiven podotrasal, Geologiya i mineralni resursi, 6 (in Bulgarian), 30-32.

27. Thompson R., Peroni R., Visser A. T., 2019. Mining haul roads. Theory and practice. CRC Press/Balkema, Leiden.

28. Visvalingam M., Whyatt J. D., 1993. Line generalisation by repeated elimination of points, The Cartographic Journal, 30 (1), 46-51. DOI: 10.1179/000870493786962263

29. Wall K., Danielsson P. E., 1984. A fast sequential method for polygonal approximation of sigitised curves, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 28, 220-227.

30. Ji Y., Borrmann A., Wimmer J., Gunthne, W. A. Bidirectional coupling of macroscopic optimization and microscopic simulation of earthwork processes. Proceedings of the CIB W78 2010: 27th International Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 16-18 November.

31. Yarmuch J., Brazil M., Rubinstein H., Thomas, D. A., 2020. Optimum ramp design in open pit mines, Computers & Operations Research, 115, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.06.013

32. Zhao Z., Saalfeld A. Linear-time sleeve-fitting polyline, In Autocarto 13, ACSM/ASPRS’97 Technical Papers, Seattle, Washington, April 1997, vol. 5, pp. 214–223.

33. Zlatanov P., Aleksandrova E., 2005. Rakovodstvo za kursovo proektirane po Tehnologia na otkritia dobiv. Komlivest-LM, Sofia, (in Bulgarian).

Veneta Stefanova, Petar Petrov

ABSTRACT. Sustainable land application in post-mining areas is an essential ecological issue, connected with disturbed areas, pollution of heavy metals, etc. The current research studies opportunities for phytoremediation of lands disturbed by copper mining. Environmental state and soil conditions are examined. Analyses show that soils are weakly acidic, with a low concentration of total nitrogen, a very high concentration of K2O and P2O5, and arsenic above permissible values. The research determines phytostabilisation as a more reliable method for phytoremediation of disturbed lands in this case. The appropriate species for phytostabilisation have been studied. Based on the analysis of data, climate, and soil conditions, it is determined that tree species of four genera show the best ability for phytoremediation in this type of terrain: Populus, Betula, Acer, Salix. Afforestation schemes and possible methods for biomass treatment are proposed.
Keywords: copper mining, reclamation, phytoremediation, phytostabilisation

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007076
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182122

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF POST-MINING DISTURBED LAND

1. Akhtar M., Chali B., Azam T., 2013. Bioremediation of arsenic and lead by plants and microbes from contaminated soil, Research in Plant Sciences, 1 (3), 68-73, DOI: 10.12691/plant-1-3-4.

2. Ali H., Khan E.,Sajad M. A., 2013. Phytoremediation of heavy metals – concepts and applications, Chemosphere, 91, 869–881. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.075. PMID: 23466085.

3. Angelova V., Ivanova R., Delibatova V., Ivanov K., 2004 Bioaccumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp). Industrial Crops and Products, 19, 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.10.001

4. Asyov B., Petrova A., Dimitrov D., Vasilev R., 2012. Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora, Konpekt na visshata flora na Balgariya, Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundatio (in Bulgarian).

5. Bancheva-Preslavska H., 2017. Framework for erosion control measures in protected areas, Web of Scholar, 9(18), 86-88.

6. Bancheva-Preslavska H., 2018. Forest amelioration for erosion control in nature park „Vrachansky balkan “through volunteer activities, Nauka – Izdanie na Sayuza na uchenite v Balgariya, XXVIII (1), 59-65.

7. Bezlova D., Doncheva M., Tsvetkova E., Vasilev K., 2016. Survey of the concentration of heavy metals in beech leaves in the region of Central Balkan National Park, Bulgaria, Phytologia Balcanica, 22(3), 335-339.

8. Borgegard S. O., Rydin H., 1989. Biomass, root penetration and heavy metal uptake in birch, in a soil cover over copper tailings, Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 585-595 https://doi.org/10.2307/2404084

9. Budzyńska S., Magdziak Z., Goliński P., Niedzielski P., Mleczek M., 2018. Arsenic forms in phytoextraction of this metalloid in organs of 2-year-old Acer platanoides seedlings, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 27260–27273. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2739-y

10. Cardwell A. J., Hawker D.W., Greenway M., 2002, Metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Southeast Queensland, Australia Chemosphere, 48. 653–663 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00164-9

11. Chang A. C., Page A. L., Koo B. J., 2002. Biogeochemistry of phosphorus, iron, and trace elements in soils as influenced by soil-plant-microbial interactions, Developments in Soil Science, 28, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2481(02)80007-1

12. Djingova R., Kuleff I., Andreev N., 1993. Comparison of the ability of several vascular plants to reflect environmental pollution, Chemosphere, 27 (8) 1385-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90232-T

13. Emamverdian A., Ding Y., Xie Y., 2018. Phytoremediation potential of bamboo plant in China, Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24(1), 530-539.

14. Goolsby E., Mason M., 2016. Response – Commentary – Toward a more physiologically and evolutionarily relevant definition of metal hyperaccumulation in plants, Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1252, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01252

15. Gyurov G., Artinova A., 2015. Soil science: Book for agronomy majors at universities, Intelekspert

16. Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H., 2011. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. 4th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton

17. Kostadinova A., Todorova E., Krumuv T., 2016. Оpportunities for stabilisation of forest roads using waste from coal mining, Web of Scholar, 8, 25-27

18. Kramer U., 2005. Phytoremediation: novel approaches to cleaning up polluted soils, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 16, 133–141

19. Llugany M., Miralles R., Corrales I., Barceló J., Poschenrieder C., 2012. Cynara cardunculus a potentially useful plant for remediation of soils polluted with cadmium or arsenic, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 123, 122–127. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.06.016

20. Malinova L. 2010. Pochvoznanie i zamŭrsyavane na pochvite. Sofiya. Izdatelska kŭshta pri LTU, (in Bulgarian).

21. Malinova L., Petrova K., Pavlov P., 2022. Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in soils of Western Balkan Mountains, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 28 (1), 129–136

22. Mani D., Sharma B., Kumar C., Balak S., 2013. Depth-wise distribution, mobility and naturally occurring glutathione based phytoaccumulation of cadmium and zinc in sewage-irrigated soil profiles, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 1167–1180, doi: 10.1007/s13762-012-0121-z.

23. Meyerholt B., 2016. Phytoextraction of cadmium: the advantages, limitations, cost, and potential improvements of this remediation technique, Environmental Science, 1, 159-181.

24. Order No. 3 of August 1, 2008 on standards for permissible content of harmful substances in soils.

25. Pajević S., Borišev M., Nikolić N., Arsenov D., Orlović S., Župunski M. 2016. Phytoextraction of heavy metals by fast-growing trees: A review, Phytoremediation, 29–64. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-40148-5_2

26. Petrov, P. 2019. Approaches to reclamation of the Eastern embankment, Ellatsite Mine, Podhodi za rekultivatsiya na Iztochniya nasip, rudnik Elatsit, Sofia: Avangard Prima. (in Bulgarian)

27. Petrova K., Pavlov P., Ivanov Y., 2019. Assessment of acrisols soil fertility on the territory of Petrohan training and experimental forest range, Forestry Ideas, 25, 63-68

28. Penkov M. 1996. Pochvoznanie. Sofiya: Agroinzhenering- EOOD (in Bulgarian).

29. Punshon T., Lepp N., Dickinson N., 1995. Resistance to copper toxicity in some British WjWows, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 52, 259-266

30. Porter K., Peterson P., 1975. Arsenic accumulation by plants on mine waste (United Kingdom), Science of the Total Environment, 4, 365–371 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(75)90028-5

31. Serafimova E., Stefanova V., Procopova S., 2019. Remediation of soil in the industrial areas of Zlatitsa-Pirdop hollow with soil improvers from waste, Remediatsya na pochvite v industrialnite zoni na Zlatishko-Pirdopskata kotlovina s pochveni podobriteli ot otpadatsi, Sustainable Development, 1, 32-37 (in Bulgarian).

32. Subev L., Stanev S. 1963. Klimatiziraĭte raĭoni na Bŭlgariya i tekhnicheski klimat, Zemizdat (in Bulgarian).

33. Šyc M., Pohořelý M., Kameníková P., 2012. Willow trees from heavy metals phytoextraction as energy crops. Biomass Bioenerg 37: 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.025

34. Todorova E., Kostadinova A., 2019. Risks of environmental pollution from mining waste from ore-containing copper processing, Journal of environmental protection and ecology, 20(1), 397-403

35. Wilson-Corral V., Anderson C., Rodriguez-Lopez M., Arenas-Vargas M., Lopez-Perez J., 2011. Phytoextraction of gold and copper from mine tailings with Helianthus annus L. and Kalanchoe serrata L, Minerals Engineering, 24, 1488-1494 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.07.014

36. Vasilev A., 2005. Problemni tezhki metali – obshta kharakteristika, fitoakumulatsiya, tolerantnost na rasteniyata i fitotoksichnost, Yubileĭna nauchna konferentsiya na AU-Plovdiv, LV, 1, 177-18 (in Bulgarian)

37. Yadav K., Kumar V., Gupta N., 2017, Bioremediation of heavy metals from contaminated sites using potential species: A review, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 37(1), 65-84

38. Yadav K., Kumar V., Gupta N., Kumar, A., Reece, L., Singh, N., Rezania, S., Khan, S., 2018. Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects, Ecological Engineering, 120, 274–298 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.05.039

39. Yang X., Li Q., Tang Z., 2017. Heavy metal concentrations and arsenic speciation in animal manure composts in China, Waste Management, 64, 333-339 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.015

40. Yankova P., Naskova P., Malcheva B., Plamenov D., 2016. Impact of the biological fertilizers on the microorganisms and the nutrient elements in the soil. International Journal of Current Research, 8 (10), 39681-39686

41. Zhang Y., Zhong C., Chen Y., Chen Z., Jiang Q., Wu C., Pinyopusarerk К., 2010. Improving drought tolerance of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings by arbuscular mycorrhizas under glasshouse conditions, New Forest, 40(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9198-8

42. Zukova-Aleksandrova D., Mitkov S., 2018. Geological, climate and anthropogenic prerequisite for proceeding of erosion processes on the territory of Madzharovo caldera, Ecology & Safety, 12, 158-164

43. Zukova-Aleksandrova D., Mitkov S., 2019. Artificial forest ecosystem on the coal mine dumps of Maritza Iztok mines in Bulgaria, Journal of Balkan Ecology, 22 (4), 402-408

Siilegmaa Sereenen, Oyuntugs Magsar, Terry O’Neill

ABSTRACT. Energy independence is one of the most important issues for almost every country and the world. Mongolia strives to have various types of energy sources and reduce energy dependence. Energy dependence always influences economic dependence of any country. Utilising its own country’s resources is optimal to reduce energy dependence. In recent years, the Mongolian Government has been encouraging unconventional oil and gas exploration and foreign investment and implementing supporting policies, such as coal bed (seam) methane. As a result of these activities, unconventional oil and gas investment and exploration have been intensified in the last few years in Mongolia, especially during pandemics. There are 32 oil and gas blocks in Mongolia and coal bed methane exploration and foreign investments have been invested in eight blocks. In 2022, some foreign investment companies are going to introduce proven reserves of coal bed methane to the Mongolian Government and Parliament. Therefore, we have to model the positive and negative impacts of coal bed methane on the Mongolian economy and find methods to increase the positive sides. Unfortunately, there is no experience in any situation for unconventional oil and gas exploration, extraction, and field development. Because of it, we have cooperated with Australian scientists and experts and completed some studies for making a model of the impact of coal seam methane on the Mongolian economy. For today’s condition, the Mongolian Government or Mongolian private companies can’t process coal bed methane activities because of lack of capital expenses and experience. To raise the positive impacts of coal bed methane, foreign investment is of course very important. There are some main purposes to model the impact of coal seam methane on the Mongolian economy.
Key words: cost, price, payment, profit, tax.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007066
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182121

MODELLING THE IMPACT OF COAL SEAM METHANE ON THE MONGOLIAN ECONOMY

1. Binderman K., 1999. Production-Sharing Agreements; An Economic Analysis. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. WPM 25. October 1999.

2. Busby C., Dachis B., Dahlby B., Rethinking Rates: Why There is a Better Way to Tax Oil and Gas Development. № 333. Sept 2011. C. D. Howe Institute Commentary. Fiscal and Tax Competitiveness.

3. Comparative assessment of fiscal regimes. Mongolian coal bed methane, ed. S. Adam, A. Garnett, Australia – Mongolia Extractives Programme (AMEP) 2021. Ulaanbaatar.

4. Dugerjav L., 2018. Summarising study in the Energy Sector, Proceeding of International Conference on Oil and Gas Conference, 19, Part 1, 213-229

5. Gantumur S., 2019. The geothermal energy study in Arkhangai province, Proceeding of International Conference on Oil and Gas Conference, 19, Part 1, 179-186.

6. Gen E., ed. 2018. Updating Energy Sector Development Plan. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report, Asian Development Bank, Ulaanbaatar. https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/updating-energy-sector-development-plan-tacr

7. Janarbaatar J., 2018. Report on Energy sector of Mongolia, The Ministry of Energy, Ulaanbaatar.

8. Smith J. L., 2013. Issues in extractive resource taxation: A review of research methods and models, Resources Policy, 38, 320-331.

9. Otto L., Andrews C., Cawood F., Doggett M., Guj P., Stermole., Titon J., 2006. Mining Royalties: A Global Study of Their Impact on Investors, Government, and Civil Society. Directions in Development Energy and Mining. 2006. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7105

10. Zoljargal J., 2018. Possibility and Development in Energy Sector of Mongolia – Natural gas and Crude oil. Ulaanbaatar

Vessela Petrova

ABSTRACT. Circular economy is a key instrument for reducing climate change and transition to green economy. The industrial symbiosis is a circular business model – a concept, discussed as a platform for exchange of materials among business companies in order to achieve sustainability and reduce waste. “Shared use” of wastes as raw-materials results in multiple benefits – economic (reduction of cost to produce raw materials), environmental (reduction of generated waste, reduction of CO2 emissions, opportunities for applying the green policies), as well as social benefits (creating “green” job positons, support to local communities). A discussion is presented in the paper on industrial symbiosis as an important opportunity for developing a circular economy by the established business model. A survey among thirteen (13) companies from the mineral raw-material sector has been performed and it has proved that companies are aware of the concept, even more – to a certain extent, companies perform the concept in their day-to-day activities. The paper has marked the need of actually mapped networks, which will model a sustainable industrial symbiosis.
Key words: industrial symbiosis, circular economy, mineral raw-material industry

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007062
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182120

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS IN RAW-MATERIAL SECTOR AS AN OVERARCHING SOLUTION IN CIRCULAR ECONOMY

1. Albino V., Luca F., 2015. The industrial symbiosis approach: a classification of business models, Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, 2, 217-223.

2. Bakardzhieva R., 2010. Korporativna sotsialna otgovornost – yadro na ustoychivoto razvitie. Ustoychivo razvitie i mnogoobrazie v Balgariya, Sofiya, IKOPIS.

3. Baumgartner R., Jouni K., 2010. Strategic thinking for sustainable development, Sustainable Development, 18. 71-75, doi: 10.1002/sd.452.

4. Chertow M., 2004. Industrial Symbiosis, doi: 10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00557-X.

5. Chertow M., 2000. Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25,  313-337, doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy. 25.1.313.

6. Chertow M., Ehrenfeld J., 2012. Self-organising systems, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16, doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00450.x.

7. Denkstatt, Prouchvane na obrazuvanite otpadatsi v stranata, vazmozhnite biznes modeli za prerabotvaneto im i prouchvane na vazmozhnostite v drugite strani”. 2019. https://www.biabg.com/uploads/files/Projects/Combined%20Report_SWAN_denkstatt_190430.pdf

8. Fraccascia, L., Il. Giannoccaro, V. Albino, 2017. Rethinking Resilience in Industrial Symbiosis: Conceptualization and Measurements, Ecological Economics, 137, 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.026.

9. Nieto, J., C. Óscar, M. Luis. 2018. Less than 2 °C? An Economic-Environmental Evaluation of the Paris Agreement, Ecological Economics, 146, 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.10.007.

10. Lopez D., Javier F., Bastein T., Tukker A., 2018. Business model innovation for resource-efficiency, circularity and cleaner production: What 143 cases tell us, Ecological Economics, 155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.009.

11. Lombardi D. R., Laybourn P., 2012, Redefining industrial symbiosis, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16, 28-37,  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00444.x

12. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe COM(2011) 571, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0571

13. Simboli A., Raggi A., Pietro R., 2015. Life cycle assessment of process eco-innovations in an SME automotive supply network, Sustainability, 7, 13761-13776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71013761

14. Sun L., Li H., Dong L., Fang K., Ren J., Geng Y., Fujii M., Zhang W., Zhang N., Liu Z., 2017. Eco-benefits assessment on urban industrial symbiosis based on material flows analysis and energy evaluation approach: a case of Liuzhou city, Resources, Conservation and  Recycling, 119, 78-88, doi: 10.1016/ j.resconrec.2016.06.007

Cyril T. O’Connor, Kirsten C. Corin

ABSTRACT. It has been shown that the partial molar excess Gibbs energy (G̅ex) can be used as an indicator of hydrophobicity and hence contributes to explaining the behaviour of collectors in the recovery of minerals by flotation. This is because hydrophobicity of a mineral particle on which a collector is adsorbed is related to the fact that the alkyl chain associated with the collector behaves in the same way as any hydrocarbon would in a non-ideal mixture with water. Such mixtures are quantified thermodynamically by determining the activity coefficient of the hydrocarbon moiety of the collector and hence its G̅ex in the mixture. The present paper is aimed at extending the above concepts in two different ways. Firstly, an investigation is made of the relationship between G̅ex and contact angle and/or recovery for systems such as ionic liquids and aminothiophenols. Secondly, on the basis of the observation that increases in G̅ex are indicative of increases in the hydrophobicity of the mineral particle-collector aggregate, a study was undertaken to examine, respectively, the effects of the presence of electrolytes or alcohols in the system, of pH and changing concentrations of the collector, on G̅ex of the collector alkyl group and hence its hydrophobicity. In the first instance, the relationship between G̅ex and contact angle and recovery is sustained. With respect to the latter, the absence of any correlation between G̅ex and recoveries supported the proposition that the major effect of electrolytes and added alcohols is rather on particle – bubble attachment. Similarly, it is also indicated that since the change in G̅ex is minimal when collector concentration or pulp temperature is increased these changes do not significantly affect the hydrophobicity of the collector-mineral particle and hence also the recovery in a microflotation.
Key words: hydrophobicity, partial molar excess Gibbs energy, reagents, flotation.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007051
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182119

ON USING EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY AS AN INDICATOR OF HYDROPHOBICITY IN THE FLOTATION PROCESS

1. Bogdanov O. S., Hainman V. Y., Podnek A. K., Jarvis N. A., 1957. Investigation of the action of modifying agents in flotation, in: Progress in Mineral Dressing, Transactions of the International Congress on Mineral Dressing, Stockholm, 479.

2. Corin K. C., O’Connor C. T., 2014. A proposal to use excess Gibbs energy rather than HLB number as an indicator of the hydrophilic–liphophilic behaviour of surfactants, Minerals Engineering, 58,17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.001

3. Davies J. T., 1957. Gas/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Surface Activity, Butterworths, London, 1, 426-438.

4. Fredenslund A., Gmehling J., Rasmussen P., 1977. Vapour-liquid equilibria using UNIFAC: a group contribution method. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-41621-6.X5001-7

5. Fuerstenau D. W., 1957. Correlation of contact angles, adsorption density, zeta potentials and flotation rate, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 208, 1365-1367.

6. Fuerstenau M. C., Harper R. W., Miller, J. D., 1970. Hydroxamate vs fatty acid flotation of iron oxide. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME. 247, 1, 69.

7. Gerber P., Soares R. P., 2010. Prediction of infinite-dilution activity coefficients using UNIFAC and COSMO-SAC variants, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49, 16, 7488-7496. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie901947m

8. Harris M. C., O’Connor C. T., 2017. Characterisation of frothers and their behaviour using partial molar Excess Gibbs energy, International Journal of Minerals Processing,158, 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.11.018

9. Laskowski J. S., 2003. Fundamental properties of flotation frothers, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Mineral Processing Congress. Cape Town, South Africa, 788-797.

10. Marabini A. M., Ciriachi M., Plescia P., Barbaro M., 2007. Chelating reagents for flotation, Minerals Engineering, 20, 1014-1025.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.03.012

11. Nagaraj D. R., Ravishanker S. A., 2007. Flotation Reagents – A critical overview from an industry perspective, in: Froth flotation: A century of innovation, ed. M. C. Fuerstenau, G. Jameson, R-H Yoon, SME, 390.

12. O’Connor C. T., 2021. Investigating the use of excess Gibbs energy to predict the hydrophobicity of a mineral treated with a collector, Minerals Engineering, 160, 106692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106692

13. October L. L., Corin K. C., Manono M. S., Schreithofer N., Wiese J. G., 2020. A fundamental study considering specific ion effects on the attachment of sulphide minerals to air bubbles, Minerals Engineering, 158, 106313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106313

14. Pienaar D., Jordaan T., McFadzean B., O’Connor C. T., 2019. The synergistic interaction between dithiophosphate collectors and frothers at the air-water and sulphide mineral interface, Minerals Engineering, 138, 125-132.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.04.038

15. Pugh R. J., 2007. The physics and chemistry of frothers, in: Froth flotation – A century of innovation, ed. M.C. Fuerstenau, G. J. Jameson and R-H Yoon, SME, 259-282.

16. Sahoo H., Rath S., Das B., Mishra B., 2016. Flotation of quartz using ionic liquid collectors with different functional groups and varying chain lengths, Minerals Engineering, 95, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.06.024

17. Sandler S. I., 2006. Chemical, Biochemical and Engineering Thermodynamics, 4th Ed, John Wiley & Sons. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 51.

18. Van Oss C. J., Good R. J., 1988. On the mechanism of hydrophobic interactions, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 9, 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932698808943994

19. Xiong R., Sandler S. I., Burnett R. I., 2014. An improvement to COSMO-SAC for predicting thermodynamic properties, IEC Research, 53 (19) 8265. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie404410v

20. Zhang W., Nesset J. E., Rao R., Finch J. A., 2012. Characterising frothers through critical coalescence concentration (CCC) 95-Hydrophile-Lipophile balance (HLB) relationship, Minerals, 2, 208-227. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2030208

Nikolaos Koukoulis, Georgios N. Anastassakis

ABSTRACT. The current paper deals with the re-processing of mineralised mine waste from magnesite processing operations aiming at the recovery of the value. Two cases of mineralised waste were examined. First, waste derived from the removal of “fine” before hand-sorting, with particle size of -40 mm; this waste is usually stockpiled, comprises mostly of relatively coarse particles and is of relatively high-grade in magnesite. The separation methods applied were sorting, sink-float tests and magnetic separation. In general, the results from the application of physical separation methods were satisfactory. Commercial concentrates were obtained from sorting with MgCO3-grade ranging between 94 and 97% MgCO3 and yield about 46%; in case of mixing concentrate with middling, yield rises to 58-64% while grade slightly drops to 91-94%. Equally satisfactory were the results from sink-float separation at sp.gr. 2.88 (grade 95%, yield 45%) but questions arise from the small sp.gr. difference of magnesite and gangues. Finally, the less satisfactory results obtained from magnetic separation (grade around 80-85%, yield 33-65%) may be due to inefficient particles liberation and higher magnetic field is maybe required. Second, mineralised waste consisting of fine particles from size reduction operations were tested. These fines were processed with selective magnetic coating as well as co-agglomeration / magnetic separation techniques. In general, the results of physicochemical processing of fines were very encouraging both on single minerals and their artificial mixtures. In case of magnetic coating, the effect of pH, collector concentration and kerosene dose was studied first on single minerals. Optimum results were obtained for pH=9, dodecylamine solution 4.5×10-5 M and kerosene 2.5 L/t. Tests on artificial mineral mixtures at optimum conditions and magnetic separation at 0.8 A resulted in non-magnetic product with MgCO3-grade higher than 99%. The parameters examined in co-agglomeration / magnetic separation tests were the same as with magnetic coating. Best conditions for co-agglomeration on single minerals were pH=8, dodecylamine 2 kg/t, kerosene 4 L/t. Tests on mineral mixture reveals that the MgCO3-grade increases with dodecylamine but the yield drops.
Key words: magnesite, serpentine, waste, hydrophobic agglomeration.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007041
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182118

REPROCESSING OF MAGNESITE BENEFICIATION-WASTE TO RECOVER MINERAL VALUE AND MINIMISE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT

1. Adiansyah J. S., Rosano M., Vink S., Keir G., 2015. A framework for a sustainable approach to mine tailings management: Disposal strategies, Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 1050–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.139

2. Anastassakis G., Design of an integrated resource management system for total resource recovery. Technical/ Economical problems and future perspectives, Proceedings TMS Fall 2002 Congress on Recycling and Waste Treatment, in: Mineral and Metal Processing: Technical and Economic Aspects, ed. B. Bjorkman, C. Samuelsson, J-O Wiksström, v. 1, 199 – 208.

3. Anastassakis G. N., 1999. A study on the separation of magnesite fines by magnetic carrier methods, Colloids and Surfaces – A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 149, 585-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00562-7

4. Anastassakis G. N., 2012. Fine/ultrafine mineral particles separation through hydrophobic agglomeration, Encyclopedia of Colloids and Surfaces, ed. P. Somasundaran, Taylor & Francis, England.

5. Bimpilas G., Anastassakis G. N., Magnetic separation of fine gangue minerals from magnesite as hydrophobic co-agglomerates, Proceedings of IMPC, 1-15 September 2016, Quebec City, Canada, paper No 338, ISBN: 978-1-926872-29-2, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Canada.

6. Dimopoulos I., 2012. Utilisation of magnesite hand-sorting waste from the location Gerorema, Evia, Diploma Thesis, National Technical University of Athens.

7. Dimopoulos I., Anastassakis G. N., Recovery of magnesite from fine waste material rejected before hand-sorting, Proceedings of XV Balkan Mineral Processing Congress, 12-16 June 2013, Sozopol, Bulgaria.

8. EC-JRC, 2009. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Management of Tailings and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Luxembourg.

9. Eurostat, 2015. Waste Generation and Treatment. Publications Office of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (access: June 22, 2022).

10. Fuerstenau D. W., Chander S., Abouzeid A. M., 1979. The recovery of fine particles by physical separation methods, P. Somasundaran & N. Arbiter (Eds.), AIMMPE.

11. Garbarino E., Orveillon G., Saveyn H., Barthe P., Eder P., 2018. Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the management of waste from extractive industries. In: Accordance with Directive 2006/21/EC. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC109657

12. Hoang D. H., Ebert D., Robert Möckel R., Rudolph M., 2021. Impact of sodium hexametaphosphate on the flotation of ultrafine magnesite from dolomite-rich desliming tailings, Minerals, 2021, 11(5), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050499

13. IAI, 2015. Bauxite Residue: Management Best Practice. International Aluminium Institute & European Aluminium Association.

14. Lottermoser B. G., 2010. Mine wastes: characterisation, treatment and environmental impacts, Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12419-8

15. Rankin W. J., 2015. Towards zero waste, AusIMM Bull. 2015, 32–37.

16. Rulyov N. N., 2016. Combined microflotation of fine minerals: theory and experiment, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 125(2), 81-85.

17. Sajjad M., Otsuki A., 2022. Correlation between flotation and rheology of fine particle suspensions, Metals 2022, 12, 270. https://doi.org/10.1080/03719553.2016.1156303

18. Yang B., Huang P., Song S., Luo H., Zhang Y., 2018. Hydrophobic agglomeration of apatite fines induced by sodium oleate in aqueous solutions, Results in Physics, 9, 970-977 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.049

Gospodinka Gicheva, Alexander Chanachev, Sergei A. Kulinich

ABSTRACT. Nowadays, mining industry is striving to be regarded as a modern and highly-technological field with no negative connotation to its name. The human factor is constantly increasing in significance, making mining industry more people oriented, and more and more efforts are being made to bring modern technologies into service and help create safer work environment. Utilising new types of biosensors provides remote health monitoring of workers in mining industry, thus enabling the real time monitoring of vitals of a person, permitting timely medical care and preventing long-term negative exposures. In this regard, the use of flexible, lightweight and wearable biosensors is seen as very convenient and patient-friendly in work environment without interfering with the daily activities. In this study we present a non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a laser ablation in liquid method.
Key words: ZnO nanoparticles, laser ablation, biosensors, glucose

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007033
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182117

BRINGING SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO MINING – BIOSENSORS FOR HEALTH MONITORING IN REAL TIME AS A MODERN MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

1. Bandodkar A. J, Jeang W. .J, Ghaffari R., Rogers J. A., 2019. Wearable sensors for biochemical sweat analysis, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 12, 1–22. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114910

2. Bhalla N., Jolly P., Formisano N., Estrela P., 2016. Introduction to biosensors, Essays in Biochemistry, 60(1): 1–8. doi: 10.1042/EBC20150001

3. Choi J., Ghaffari R., Baker L. B., Rogers J. A., 2018. Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics, Science Advances 16; 4(2), eaar3921 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3921

4. Currano L. J., Sage F. C., Hagedon M., Hamilton M, L., Patrone J., Gerasopoulos K., 2018. Wearable sensor system for detection of lactate in sweat, Scientific Reports 8, 15890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33565-x

5. Dhara K.; Mahapatra D. R., 2018. Electrochemical nonenzymatic sensing of glucose using advanced nanomaterials. Microchimica Acta (MCA), 185, 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2609-1

6. Gavrilenko E. A., Goncharova D. A., Lapin I. N., Nemoykina A. L., Svetlichnyi V. A., Aljulaih A. A., Mintcheva N., Kulinich S. A., 2019. Comparative study of physicochemical and antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation of Zn target in water and air, Materials (Basel), 12(1), 186. DOI: 10.20944/preprints201812.0125.v1

7. Hwang D. W., Lee S.; Seo M., Chung T. D., 2018. Recent advances in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors – A review, Analytica Chimica Acta,1033, 1−34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.051

8. Kondo T., Sato Y., Kinoshita M., Shankar P., Mintcheva N. N., Honda M., Iwamori S., Kulinich S. A., 2017. Room temperature ethanol sensor based on ZnO prepared via laser ablation in water, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 56 (8), 080304. DOI 10.7567/JJAP.56.080304

9. Li P., Lee G. H., Kim S. Y., Kwon S. Y., Kim H. R., Park S., 2021. From diagnosis to treatment: Recent advances in patient-driendly biosensors and implantable devices, ACS Nano, 15, 1960−2004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06688

10. Mani G. K., Miyakod K., Saito A., Yasoda Y., Kajiwara K., Tsuchiya K., 2017. Microneedle pH Sensor: Direct, label-free, real-time detection of cerebrospinal fluid and bladder pH, Applied materials & Interfaces, 9 (26), 21651–21659. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04225

11. Mintcheva N., Aljulaih A. A., Bito S., Honda M., Kondo T., Iwamori S., Kulinich S. A., 2018. Synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles decorated with gold nanoclusters using pulsed laser ablation in liquid, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 747, 166. DOI 10.1070/QEL17318

12. Nascetti A., Caputo D., Scipinotti R.; de Cesare G., 2016. Technologies for autonomous integrated lab-on-chip systems for space missions; Acta Astronautica, 128, 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.036

13. Niu K.Y., Yang J., Kulinich S. A., Sun J., Li H., Du X. W., 2010. Morphology control of nanostructures via surface reaction of metal nanodroplets, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 9814-9819. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja102967a

14. Park H. D., Lee K. J., Yoon H. R., Nam H. H., 2005. Design of a portable urine glucose monitoring system for health care, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 35(4): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2004.02.003

15. Tremey E., Stines-Chaumeil C.; Gounel S.; Mano N., 2017. Designing an O₂-insensitive glucose oxidase for improved electrochemical applications, ChemElectroChem, 4, 2520−2526. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700646

16. Wang J., 2008. Electrochemical glucose biosensors. Chemical Reviews, 108, 814−825. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068123a

17. Yang X., Cheng H., 2020. Recent developments of flexible and stretchable electrochemical biosensors, Micromachines, 11, 243. DOI: 10.3390/mi11030243

18. Zeng H., Du X. W., Singh S. C, Kulinich S. A., Yang S., He J., Cai W., 2012. Nanomaterials via Laser Ablation/Irradiation in Liquid: A Review, Advanced Functional Materials, 22, 1333-1353. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102295

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Maria Filipa Ivanova, Irena Spasova, Stoyan Groudev

ABSTRACT. The study aimed to determine the effect of the acid mine drainages` flow rate on the iron adsorption by ion-exchange resin LEWATIT MonoPlus TP 207 in a fixed-bed column and to evaluate which widely used models describe that process better. The ferrous iron was preliminary chemically oxidised by H2O2 and Na2CO3 addition and increased pH to 3.50 combined with the solution purging with air. After assembling fixed-bed columns, their bed volume (BV) was determined. The treated mining solution was delivered to fixed-bed columns by a peristaltic pump at 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 BV flow rates. The iron adsorption efficiency on the LEWATIT resin was studied depending on the applied flow rate and the volume being treated. The experimental data obtained were modelled using the Bohart-Adams, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Clark models. The results showed that at constant experimental conditions (temperature, ferric iron concentration, and pH), the applied flow rate had a significant effect on the parameters which are important from a practical (efficiency of iron removal, (Y); equilibrium iron and equilibrium copper contents of the resin, (qeq)) and a theoretical point of view (rate constants (kBA, kTh, kYN, r); time of breakthrough (τ)). The Yoon-Nelson and Clark models were the models that best fitted the experimental results.
Keywords: iron, LEWATIT, adsorption, a fixed bed column

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182116

STUDY ON THE FERRIC IRON ADSORPTION FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON LEWATIT RESIN IN A FIXED BED COLUMN

1. Ajmal M., Rao R. A. K., Ahmad R., Khan M. A., 2006. Adsorption studies on Parhenium hysterophorous weed: removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater, Journal Hazardous Materials, B135, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.054

2. Aksu Z., Gőnen F., 2004. Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge in a continuous packed bed: prediction of breakthrough curves, Process Biochemistry, 39, 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00132-8

3. Al-Sheikh F., Moralejo C., Pritzker M., Anderson W. A., Elkamel A., 2020. Ammonia removal from real wastewater using a LEWATIT S 108 H resin: a batch process and fixed-bed column, Separation Science and Technology, 55, 2869-2878. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1655457

4. Azizorghaben A., Rashchi F., Babakhani A., 2016. Stoichiometry and structural studies of Fe(III)and Zn (II) solvent extraction using D2EHPA/ TBP, Separation and Purification Technology, 171, 197 – 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.037

5. Bohart G., Adams E.Q., 1920. Some aspects on the behaviour of charcoal with respect to chlorine, Journal of American Chemical Society, 42, 523-544. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01448a018

6. Clark R. M., 1987. Modelling TOC removal by GAC: the general logistic function, Journal of American Water Works Association, 79, 32-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41290789

7. Georgiev P., Ivanova M.-F., Nicolova M., Spasova I., Groudev S., 2020. Review of the iron recovery processes from laden leach liquors in hydrometallurgy, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal, 1, 37-42. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4270054

8. Georgiev P., Nicolova M., Ivanova M.-F., Spasova I., Groudev S., 2021. Studies on the ferric iron sorption from acid mine drainage of LEWATIT resin as a step of metal conversion to a value-added product, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal, 2, 36-42. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594863

9. Groudev S. N., Spasova I., Nicolova M., Georgiev P., 2008. Long-term treatment of acid mine drainage in a uranium deposit by means of a natural wetland, 18^th Annual AEHS Meeting and West Coast Conference on Soils, Sediments, and Water, San Diego, CA, USA.

10. Karamanev D. G., Nikolov L. N., Mamatarkova V., 2002. Rapid simultaneous quantitative determination of ferric and ferrous ions in drainage waters and similar solutions, Minerals Engineering, 15, 341 – 346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00026-2

11. Kulkarni S. A., Sawadh P. S., Palei P. K., Kokate K. K., 2014. Effect of synthesis route on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Ceramics International, 40, 1945 – 1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.103

12. Kundu S., Gupta A. K., 2005. Analysis and modelling of fixed-bed columns operation on As (V) removal by adsorption onto iron oxide-coated cement (IOCC), Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 290, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.006

13. Malik D. S., Jain C.K., Yadav A. K., 2018. Heavy metal removal by fixed-bed column – a review, Chemical Bioengineering Review, 5, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201700018

14. Malkoc E., Nuhoglu Y., Pundar M., 2006. Adsorption of chromium (VI) on pomace-anolive oil industry waste: batch and column studies, Journal Hazardous Materials, B138, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.051

15. Millar G. J., Schot A., Coupethwaite S. J., Shilling A., Nuttall K., de Bruyn M., 2015. Equilibrium and column studies of iron exchange with strong acid cation resin, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 373 – 385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.023

16. McKevitt B., Dreisinger D., 2009. A comparison of various ion exchange resins for the removal of ferric ions from copper electrowinning electrolyte solutions part I: Electrolytes containing no other impurities, Hydrometallurgy, 98, 116-121.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.04.008

17. Negrea A., Mihailescu M., Mosoarca G., Ciopec M., Duteanu N., Negrea P., Minzatu V., 2020. Estimation of fixed-bed columns parameters of breakthrough behaviours for gold recovery by adsorption onto modified/ functionalised Amberlite XAD7, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6868-6882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186868

18. Product Guide. 2021. Portfolio of Lewatit^® ion exchange resins and Bayoxide^® iron oxide adsorbers. LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, Cologne, Germany. https://moitruonghanoi.com/backend/upload/catalogs/UdHt__161005_product_guide_lewatit_bayoxide.pdf

19. Qureshi I., Qazi M. A., Bhatti A. A., Memon S., Sirajuddin Y. M.,  2011. An efficient calix[4]arene appended resin for the removal of arsenic, Desalination, 278, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.007

20. Rocha P. D., Franca A. S., Oliveira L. S., 2015. Batch and column studies of phenol adsorption by an activated carbon-based on acid treatment of corn cobs, International Journal of Engineering Technology, 7, 459-464. DOI: 10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.837

21. Sincero A. P., Sincero G. A., 2003. Physical-chemical treatment of water and wastewater. CRC Press, Florida, USA,.401-402. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420031904

22. Thomas H. C., 1944., Heterogeneous ion exchange in a flowing system, Journal of American Chemical Society, 66, 1664-1666. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a017

23. Victor-Ortega M. D., Ochando-Pulido J. M., Martinez-Ferez A., 2016. Modelling of fixed bed columns studies for iron removal from industrial effluents through ion-exchange process, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 47, 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a017

24. Yoon Y. H., Nelson J. H., 1984., Application of gas adsorption kinetics. I. A theoretical model for respirator cartridge service life, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 45, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668491400197

Nicolae Daniel Fîță, Sorin Mihai Radu, Roland Iosif Moraru, Mila Ilieva Obretenova

ABSTRACT. Until recently, the European Union’s energy policy was against coal for pollution reasons, but with the start of the military war between Russia and Ukraine, coal has become one of the energy resources to reconsider. The lack or depletion of oil and natural gas from Russia has made the coal resource the most important source and means to provide energy security. Because there are many coal-fired power stations in Romania (hard coal and lignite), its extraction and recovery becomes a real problem of national security, because it produces electricity, which is vital to Romanian society. The need to analyse the mining subsector, which generates critical mining infrastructure, comes in the context in which the possible occurrence of cases of non-energy supply, or unexpected price increases, generates major issues of national interest, with European and OTAN implications. The aim of the paper is to structure and analyzse the mining subsector within the National Energy Sector in the context of stability and increasing national energy security. The authors consider that the approach of the mining subsector is a strictly national security issue because the lack of coal can cause damage to the power sector and the national economy, which are partly dependent on the mining subsector.
Key words: coal, mining subsector, national energy sector, energy security

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182115

STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS OF THE MINING SUBSECTOR FROM THE NATIONAL ENERGY SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF STABILITY AND INCREASE OF ROMANIAN ENERGY SECURITY

1. Băhnăreanu C., 2008. Energy Security, Defense and Security Strategic Studies Center, “Carol I” National Defense University Publishing House, Bucharest.

2. Baumann F., 2008, Energy security as multidimensional concept, CAP Policy Analysis, 1, 4-5.

3. Ciuta F., 2010. Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?, Security Dialogue, 41 (2), 123-144, www.jstor.org/stable/26301149

4. Fîță N. D., Radu S. M., Păsculescu D., Popescu F. G., 2021a, Using the primary energetic resources or electrical energy as a possible energetical tool or pressure tool, Proceedings of Sciendo International Conference Knowledge based organisation – “Nicolae Balcescu” Land Forced Academy Sibiu 2021, v. XXVII, no. 3, .21-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2021-0084,

5. Fîță N. D., Radu, S.M., Păculescu, D. 2021b, Ensuring, controlling and stability of energy security in the context of increasing industrial and national security – Academic Compendium, Universitas Publishing House, Petroşani, ISBN 978-973-741-743-5,

6. Fîță N. D., Radu S. M., Păsculescu D., Gregory E., 2021c, The approach of national critical energy infrastructures correlated with societal resilience and sustainability, in: Sustainability management and managerial sustainability between classical and modern paradigms, ed. D. E. Ranf, O. M. C. Bucovetchi, D. Badea, Publishing house of the Academy of Land Forces “Nicolae Bălcescu” Sibiu, Romania, ISBN 978-973-153-419, 37 – 58.

Naci Duru

ABSTRACT. Increasing complexity of ore deposits requires operations to be continuously improving their cost competitiveness. Mathematical modelling and process simulation techniques are useful tools to understand the process, define bottlenecks and increase process efficiencies. This paper presents a crushing and grinding circuit of a chromite ore gravity separation plant’ simulation model results and actual plant operating data. Throughout the study, jaw crusher, ball and rod mill summary equipment characteristics, breakage and selection functions employed, comparison of particle size distribution curves of site process streams to model results are presented. Simulation work is completed by using METSIM® software. The paper also showcases ease of flow diagram and process data presentation by the utilisation of the adequate simulation approach.
Key words: crushing-grinding circuit, chromite ore, process simulation, breakage, selection function

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7007007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182114

COMPARISON OF SIMULATION MODEL AND PLANT DATA OF A CRUSHING – GRINDING CIRCUIT

1. Barlett J., Process simulation and optimization using Metsim, in: Mineral resource management by personal computer, Tucson, Society for Mining Metallurgy, 1987, 105-116.

2. Duroudier J. P. 2016, Ball and rod mills, in: Size reduction of divided solids, London, Elsevier, 73-97.

3. Gupta A., Yan D. S., 2006. Mineral processing design and operation, An introduction, Elsevier, Netherlands. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444516367/mineral-processing-design-and-operation#:~:text=https%3A//doi.org/10.1016/B978%2D0%2D444%2D51636%2D7.X5000%2D1

4. Neikov O. D., Naboychenko S. S., Yefimov N. A., 2019. Mechanical crushing and grinding, in: Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders, Elsevier, Kiev, 65-90.

5. Ozan B., 2007. Karsanti krom cevherinin degerlendirilmesine yonelik teknolojik Arastirma projesi, ITU, Istanbul.

Alexander Brodt

ABSTRACT. A method for direct liquefaction of coal is presented. After separating the coal from waste rock gravitationally in an aqueous salt solution, drying and grinding, the purified separated coal is mixed with a paste-forming reagent. The paste is ground until a colloidal particle size and hydrogenated for 2 hours at temperature of 405°C and 11 MPa hydrogen pressure. Artificial oil was obtained with over 95 % yield with respect to the initial amount of purified coal when the contact of excavated coal with air was avoided. Based on findings, a technology is proposed for underground coal liquefaction with significantly reduced energy consumption of the process, removed environmental hazards and higher efficiency with respect to existing technologies.
Key words: coal liquefaction, synthetic oil, underground

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7006988
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182113

CONVERTING COAL MINING INTO UNDERGROUND PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL OIL

1. Brodt A., Processing combustible material methods and systems, US Patent 9,447,331 B2, Patented on 20 Sept 2016.

2. Burke F. P., Brandes S. D., McCoy D. C., Winschel R. A., Gray D., Tomlinson G., 2001. Summary Report of The DOE Direct Liquefaction Process Development Campaign of the late Twentieth Century: Topical Report, DOE Contract DE-AC22-94PC93054, July 2001 Washington, US. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/794281

3. Mitchell G. D., 2008. Direct Coal Liquefaction, in: Applied Coal Petrology, ed. I. Suárez-Ruiz, J. C. Crelling, Elsevier Ltd,  https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045051-3.X0001-2.

4. Plaza M. G., Pevida C., 2019. Current status of CO₂ capture from coal facilities, in: New Trends in Coal Conversion: Combustion, Gasification, Emissions, and Coking, ed. I. Suárez-Ruiz, M. A. Diez, F. Rubiera, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04039-1.

5. Schulz H., 1999. Short history and present trends of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, Applied Catalysis A: General, 186 (1-2), 3-12.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00160-X

6. Sharovar I. I., 1989. Structure of energy resources of coal deposits, in: Integrated development of coal deposits, Moscow Mining Institute, Moscow, 96-99.

7. Towler B. F., 2014. The Future of Energy, Elsevier Ltd, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-19049-6;

8. USEIA, US Energy Information Administration 2022. Monthly Energy Review, Table 1.3, April 2021, preliminary data https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/what-is-energy/sources-of-energy.php, accessed 09.06.2022.

9. Vasireddy S., Morreale  B., Cugini A., Song C, Spivey J. J. 2011. Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges, Energy and Environmental Sciences, 4 (2), 311-345  https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00097C

Diana-Maria Banu, Ana-Maria Obreja, Ioana-Carmen Popescu*, Sorin O. Mihai

ABSTRACT. Anthropogenic radioactive pollution of the environment resulting from the research and exploitation of uranium resources is a topical issue for the scientific community because it represents a threat to people’s health conditions and has a highly negative impact on the environment. The sources of radioactive pollution are due to the presence of low-level radioactive tailings and poor ore dumps resulting from the exploration and exploitation of uranium ore deposits. Uranium under the action of environmental factors can reach the groundwater, the river network, and the food chain, respectively. The contaminated food and water may cause diseases and even cancer. An important role in the pollution spreading is played by geological phenomena, the most important being landslides. Thus arises the need for geological risk management. The present study aims to implement a geological risk management system through methods of assessment, monitoring, and prediction of geological risk for a chosen uranium site. The waste rock and water samples analysis pointed out the radioactive contamination risk. The simulated scenarios in the area exposed to subsidence phenomena showed the activity of increasing the concentration of radioactive waste in the hydrographic system’s groundwater in the studied site, in a time interval of 4120 days (11.29 years): it rapidly increased in the first 1000 days (from 0.0 to 0.0033), after which it decreased in intensity until day 2500 (from 0.0033 to 0.0048), and it is supposed to stagnate after day 2500 until day 4120 when the simulation ended. The results emphasised the radioactive contamination spreading risk in the case when the subsidence phenomenon takes place.
Keywords: geological risk, uranium mining site, landslides, monitoring of geological parameters

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7006978
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182112

GEOLOGICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND ITS PARTICULARITIES FOR A URANIUM SITE – CASE STUDY

1. Ayalew L., Yamaghishi H., 2005. The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping  in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan, Geomorphology Mäusbacher R and Schulte A (Eds.) Beiträge zur Physiogeographie – Festschrift für Dietrich Barsch. Heidelberg, Selbstverlag des Geographischen Instituts der Universität Heidelberg, 104, 237-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.010

2. Baeza C., Corominas J., 2001. Assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility using multivariate statistical techniques. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:1251-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.263

3. Chung C-J. F., Fabbri A. G., 2002. Landslide risk analysis from the prediction of future occurrences based on geomorphology-related spatial data IAMG, 15-20 September 2002, Berlin, Germany

4. Mejía-Navarro M., Wohl E. E., Oaks S. D., 1994. Geological hazards, vulnerability, and risk assessment using GIS: a model for Glenwood Springs, Colorado, ed: M. Morisawa, Geomorphology and Natural Hazards, Elsevier, 331-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90024-8

5. Paudits P., 2002, Using GIS in evaluation of landslide susceptibility, Balkema, Rotterdam.

6. Remongo J, Bonachea J., Cendrero A., 2005. A statistical approach to landslide risk modelling at basin scale: from landslide susceptibility to quantitative risk assessment – Journal of International Consortium on Landslides, ISSN: 1612-510X (Print), 1612-5118 (Online), 2 (4), 33, 321-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-005-0016-x

7. Thywisen K., 2006. Components of risk – a comparative glossary, SOURCE-UNU EHS

8. Van Westen C. J., 2004. Geo-information tools for landslide risk assessment: an overview of recent developments, Landslides: Evaluation and Stabilisation, Taylor & Francis Group, Balkema, London, p.39-57 DOI: 10.1201/b16816-6

9. Zajzon N., Szentpéteri K., Szakáll S., Kristály F., 2015. The origin of the Avram Iancu U–Ni–Co–Bi–As mineralisation, Băiţa (Bihor) metallogenic district, Bihor Mts., Romania. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 104(7), 1865–1887. doi:10.1007/s00531-015-1175-1

10. INCDMRR – Project concerning geological risk management application on a zone nearby a former uranium ore exploitation site (CEEX-MENER 723/2006) – 2006-2009 (in Romanian).

Velichka Arahangelova, Alexandre Loukanov

ABSTRACT. The copper is the second largest strategic raw material. Since there is a huge gap between copper production and consumption, a green and eco-sustainable recycling technology is necessary that is able to process the copper from secondary sources of waste and scraps. Here we demonstrate the photo-oxidising properties of pyrrolic nitrogen-dominated carbon nanodots as eco-friendly and powerful oxidase-mimicking nanozyme for leaching of copper from metal scrap under irradiation with either ultraviolet or natural sun light (average intensity of 59 000 lux). The ultra-small nanoparticles with diameter < 5 nm were prepared by 600 W microwave-assisted pyrolysis, which might be considered as energy efficient synthetic method. The developed strategy enables to dissolve Cu metal at neutral pH range (between 5.1 – 8.3) and it might break the pH limitation for recycling of copper in the conventional chemical methods, where toxic and corrosive substances are used. The obtained yield was about 5 %, which is still not satisfactory for practical application in recycle technology. Nevertheless, according to our knowledge there is not any other reported photosensitizer nanozyme, which is capable to induce oxidation and dissolving of copper under natural light irradiation of neutral leaching solution.
Key words: oxidase-mimicking nanozyme, carbon nanodots, copper leaching

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7006966
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182111

CARBON NANODOTS AS LIGHT-ACTIVATED OXIDASE NANOZYME FOR ECO-FRIENDLY LEACHING OF COPPER FROM SCRAP

1. Babu R., Parande A., Basha A., 2007. Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem, Waste Management & Research, 25, 307–318. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X07076941

2. Garg B., Bisht T., 2016. Carbon nanodots as peroxidase nanozymes for biosensing, Molecules, 21, 1653. doi: 10.3390/molecules21121653.

3. Işıldar A., van Hullebusch, E., Lenz M., Laing, G., Marra A., Cesaro A., Panda S., Akcil A., Kucuker M., Kuchta A., 2019. Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) – A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 362, 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.050

4. Jin J, Li L., Zhang L., Luan Z., Xin S., Song K., 2021. Progress in the application of carbon dots-based nanozymes, Frontiers in Chemistry, 9, 748044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.078

5. Loukanov A., Basnakian A., Kawamura R., Udono H., Filipov C., Savenska A., Fite T., Nakabayashi S., 2018. Light-powered nanoconverters cytotoxic to breast cancer cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122, 7916–7924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11779

6. Loukanov A., Kuribara A., Nikolova S., Saito M., 2022. Light‐activated oxidise‐mimicking nanozyme for inhibition of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Microscopy Research and techniques, 85, 1949–1955. doi: 10.1002/jemt.24056

7. Lv Y., Ma M., Huang Y., Xia Y., 2018. Carbon dot nanozymes: how to be close to natural enzymes. Chemistry – A European Journal, 25, 954–960.  https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201804419

8. Needhidasan S., Samuel M., Chidambaram R., 2014. Electronic waste – an emerging threat to the environment of urban India, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 12, 36. doi: 10.1186/2052-336X-12-36

9. Toshev S., Loukanov A., 2020. Detection and monitoring of manganese in drinking water and groundwater through photo-oxidation sensory reaction with ultra-small carbon nanodots, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal, 1, 90–93. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4270156

10. Wang X., Wang H., Zhou S., 2021. Progress and perspective on carbon-based nanozymes for peroxidase-like applications, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 12, 11751–11760. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03219

11. Webb M., Dick J., Bargar J., Tebo M., 2005. Evidence for the presence of Mn(III) intermediates in the bacterial oxidation of Mn(II). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 5558–5563. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409119102

12. Wei S-C., Lin Y-W., Chang H-T., 2020. Carbon dots as artificial peroxidases for analytical applications, Journal of food and drug analysis, 28, 558–574.  DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.1090

13. Yuxin X., Laipeng S., Kang L., Haipeng S., Zonghua W., Wenjing W., 2022. Metal-doped carbon dots as peroxidase mimic for hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414, 5857–5867, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04149-6

14. Zhai X., Zhang P., Liu C., Bai T., Li W., Dai L., Liu W., 2012. Highly luminescent carbon nanodots by microwave-assisted pyrolysis, Chemical Communications, 48, 7955-7957. DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33869f

15. Zhang J., Wu S., Lu X., Wu P., Liu J., 2019. Manganese as a catalytic mediator for photo-oxidation and breaking the pH limitation of nanozymes. Nano Lett., 19, 3214–3220. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00725

16. Zhang R., Yan X., Fan K., 2021, Nanozymes inspired by natural enzymes, Accounts of Materials Research, 2, 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00074

Todor Angelov

ABSTRACT. A composite flotation tailings sample from historic Medet tailings dam was characterised to understand occurrences of copper and hydraulic properties of the material and to determine if there is an economic benefit of its reprocessing using hydrometallurgical processes. Conventional ICP-OES multi-element scan and carbon and sulphur determination by Leco were followed by sequential copper assay and mineralogical analysis using the Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) to identify the elemental composition, acid soluble copper and mineral abundance and liberation. The tailings sample contained 0.105% Cu, 0.41 % S and 0.05% C. The analysis of the gangue minerals showed that the bulk of the material is made up of plagioclase feldspar with moderate amounts of K-feldspars and small amounts of mica, chlorite and clay minerals. Copper minerals cuprite and chalcopyrite with minor amounts of covellite and bornite were observed in the mineralogical analysis of the sample by TIMA. Based on the sequential copper assays, it was estimated that approximately 59.8% of copper contained in the sample reports as acid soluble copper. To understand the flow behaviour in the material the main hydraulic properties like hydraulic conductivity and moisture retention capacity were determined.
Key words: tailings, copper, minerals, hydraulic properties

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7006957
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/c16182110

Todor Angelov
MINERALOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISATION OF HISTORIC FLOTATION TAILINGS

1. Adajar M. A., Zarco M., 2014. An empirical model for predicting hydraulic conductivity of mine tailings, International Journal of GEOMATE, 7, 1054-1061. DOI: 10.21660/2014.14.140630

2. ASTM D 2434 – 68. 2006. Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head), in: Book of Standards Volume: 04.08 .6 https://www.astm.org/d2434-68r06.html (Withdrawn 2015)

3. ASTM D6836-16. 2016. Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer or Centrifuge, in: Book of Standards Volume: 04.09. 22 https://www.astm.org/d6836-16.html

4. Aubertin M., Bussière B., Chapuis R., 2011. Hydraulic conductivity of homogenised tailings from hard rock mines, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 470-482. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-06  Volume 33, Number 3, July 1996  pp. 470-482.

5. Babel B., Penz M., Schach E., Boehme S., Rudolph M., 2018. Reprocessing of a southern Chilean Zn tailing by flotation-A case study, Minerals, 8, 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8070295

6. Dobrev T., Valchanova I., Stefanov Y., Magaeva S., 2009. Investigations of new anodic materials for zinc electrowinning, Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 87(3), 136-140. https://doi.org/10.1179/174591909X438938

7. Figueiredo J., Vila M., Fiúza A., Góis J., Futuro A., Dinis M., Martins D., 2019. A holistic approach in re-mining old tailings deposits for the supply of critical-metals: A Portuguese case study, Minerals, 9, 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100638

8. Grigorova I., Dzhamyarov S., Nishkov I., 2015. Barite flotation concentrate from Kremikovtzi “black” tailings, Journal of International Scientific Publications: Materials, Methods & Technologies, 9, 561-577,

9. Grigorova I., 2011. Gravitatsionni tehnologii pri upravlenie na minni otpadatsi. Izd. Ritt, Silistra. (in Bulgarian).

10. Parkinson G. A., Bhappu R. B., 1995. The sequential copper analysis method – geological, mineralogical and metallurgical implications, SME Pre-print, 95-90. J-GLOBAL ID: 200902126277450610

11. Schulz B., Sandmann D., Gilbricht S., 2020. SEM-based automated mineralogy and its application in geo- and material sciences, Minerals, 10 (11), 1004.  https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111004

12. Shengo M.,  Maloba B., 2013. Recovery of cobalt and copper through reprocessing of tailings from flotation of oxidised ores, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1085–1090.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.025

13. Stanković V., Milosevic V., Milicevic D., Gorgievski M., Bogdanovic G., 2018. Reprocessing of the old flotation tailings deposited on the RTB Bor tailings pond – a case study, Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 24 (4), 333-344. DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ170817005S

14. Sultanov A., 2001. Geological Report, Results of the detailed exploration of the Medet tailings impoundment, 162.

15. Tonžetić I. Ž., 2015. Quantitative analysis of iron ore using SEM-based technologies, in: Iron Ore, ed. L. Lu, Woodhead Publishing, 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820226-5.00018-5

16. Valchanova I., Stefanov Y., Stefanov K., Tabakova N., Dobrev T., 2011. Blocking of harmful effect of bismuth ions during electroextraction of zinc from sulphate electrolytes, Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 89(4), 210-214. https://doi.org/10.1179/174591911X13076168667272

17. Yankova T., 2020. Mineral processing waste utilisation, Proceedings of the XX International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference, Bulgaria, 821-828, DOI: 10.5593/sgem2020/1.1/s04.100 

Angel Zabtchev, Romeo Alexandrov

ABSTRACT. A coil intended for magnetisation of finely ground magnetite ores during secondary extraction of iron is considered. It is in the shape of a cylindrical ring and is strung on the pulp tube, which is made of non–magnetic and non–conductive material. The coil has known dimensions of the inner diameter and length, obtained for technological reasons. A direct current with a large alternating current component flows through the coil, formed by a diode half–wave rectifier circuit. A methodology is given for determining the electrical parameters of the winding at a given mains supply voltage, heat load and cooling conditions.
Keywords: magnetising coil, magnetic separation, heat load

Zabtchev, A., R. Alexandrov
CALCULATION OF THE MAGNETISING COIL FOR IMPROVING THE MAGNETIC SEPARATION
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594809
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171923

References:

1. Aleksandrov R., Savov N., Ustroystvo za selektivna magnitna flokulatsia, Sbornik s dokladi, Natsionalna nauchno-tehnicheska konferentsia s mezhdunarodno uchastie Avtomatizatsia v minnata industria i metalurgiyata, BULKAMK’18, 15-16.11.2018, Sofia, 105-109, (in Bulgarian).

2. Kalantarov P. L., Zeitlin L. A., 1970. Raschet induktivnostey: Spravochnaya kniga, (in Russian).

3. Klisuranov G., 1989. Magnitni, elektricheski i spetsialni metodi na obogatyavane, Sofia, (in Bulgarian).

Yuriy Vilkul, Valeriy Slobodyanyuk, Ivan Мaximov

ABSTRACT. When designing the strip mining methods at the deep open pits at the stage of preliminary studies, it is necessary to determine the optimum number and succession of relocation of crushing and transfer stations while developing the open pit. This cuts the transport costs and reduces the number of dump trucks required. An analytical dependence has been established to determine the optimum number of transfer points with their uniform location along the length and height of the open pit working area. The features of changes in the basic technological parameters of truck operation, depending on the number of crushing and transfer stations, the open pit size and output are studied. The conditions for simultaneous use of several crushing and transfer stations, their optimum number and performance have been determined; the economic benefits of using the flowcharts with multiple transfer points have been estimated. Optimisation of the number of transfer points reduces the required capacity of each crushing and transfer plant of up to 10–20 million tons/year. Reducing the required capacity of transfer points
makes it possible to equip them with primary jaw crushers.

Key words: truck and conveyor transport, haulage level, crushing and transfer station

Vilkul, Y., V. Slobodyanyuk, I. Мaximov
OPTIMISATION OF LOCATION AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR THE CRUSHING AND TRANSFER STATIONS IN THE DEEP OPEN PIT MINES
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594986
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171922

References

1. Drizhenko А.Yu., Kozenko G.V., Rykus А.А. 2009. Otkrytaya razrabotka zheleznykh rud Ukrainy: sostoyanie i puti sovershenstvovaniya. Poltavskiy Literator, Poltavа (in Russian).

2. Maplesoft (2015). Simulating a transfer station, Bulk Solids Handling, 35(6), 32-33.

3. Novozhilov M.G. 1972. Tekhnologiya otkrytoj razrabotki mestorozhdenij poleznykh iskopaemykh. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian).

4. Slepian V.Y., 1996. Crushing and reloading unit, Ukrainian Intellectual Property Institute (Ukrpatent), Patent No 18278, Patented on December 25, 1997.

5. Slobodyanyuk V., Maksimov I., Slobodyanyuk R., 2018. Influence of the arrangement and performance of shovels on the optimum position for run-of-mine stock location, Journal of mining and geological sciences, 61(ІI), 28-32.

6. Surface Mining. 1990. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado.

7. Vilkul Y., Slobodianiuk V., Aralkin A., 2004. Opening method for open-pit mining of mineral deposits, Ukrainian Intellectual Property Institute (Ukrpatent), Patent No 7187, Patented on June 15, 2005.

8. Vilkul Y., Slobodyanyuk V., Maximov I., 2009. Issledovanie tekhnologicheskikh skhem ciklichno-potochnoj tekhnologii s neskol’kimi peregruzochnymi punktami, Visnyk Kryvorizkoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, 20, 282-285 (in Russian).

9. Vilkul Y., Slobodyanyuk V., Maximov I., 2011. Optimizaciya kolichestva koncentracionnykh gorizontov pri ispol’zovanii avtomobil’no-konvejernogo transporta, Razrabotka rudnykh mestorozhdenij, 94, 59-63 (in Russian).

10. Yakovlev V.L. 1989. Teoriya i praktika vybora transporta glubokikh kar’erov. Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

Svetlin Toshev, Alexandre Loukanov, Saim Emin, Seiichiro Nakabayashi

ABSTRACT. The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is an important secondary source for renewable extraction of valuable metals and raw materials.
The mineral biotechnologies are promising alternative to the current industrial chemical technologies for waste treatment, which are often accompanied with negative environmental impact. Here we report a systematic biotechnological strategy for recycling, recovering and extraction of metals from WEEE as biogenic formed nanoparticles. The process is based on two general steps – bioleaching (through autotrophic/heterotrophic bacteria), and extraction from the effluent as biosynthesised nanoscale materials. The obtained analytical data revealed that copper was bioleached in the form of nanoparticles, the efficiency being more than 90 %, which was the highest achieved value in comparison with the other metals. The recovered content of gold was less than 50 %, but the efforts for improvement of microbial leaching efficiency of Au are still in progress. The reported eco–friendly biotechnological approach enables proper implementation of new resource recovery–oriented recycling strategies with reduced risk of negative impact on nature.

Key words: biotechnological recycling, secondary raw materials, nanoparticles

Toshev, S., A. Loukanov, S. Emin, S. Nakabayashi
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RECYCLING AND RECOVERY OF METALS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS THROUGH BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171921

References

1. Ahmad A., Mukherjee P., Mandal D., Senapati S., Khan M. I., Kumar R., Sastry M., 2002. Enzyme mediated extracellular synthesis of CdS nanoparticles by the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 12108-12109, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja027296o 

2. Baldé C. P., Wang F., Kuehr R., Huisman J., 2015. The Global e-Waste Monitor –2014. Bonn, Germany.

3. Bas A. D., Deveci H., Yazici E.Y., 2013. Bioleaching of copper from low grade scrap TV circuit boards using mesophilic bacteria, Hydrometallurgy 138, 65–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.015

4. Brandl H., Bosshard, R. Wegmann M., 2001. Computer-munching microbes: metal leaching from electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi, Hydrometallurgy, 59, 319–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00188-2

5. Cui J., Forssberg E., 2007. Characterisation of shredded television scrap and implications for materials recovery, Waste Manage, 27, 415–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.003 

6. De Yoreo J. J., Vekilov P.G., 2003. Principles of crystal nucleation and growth, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 54, 57-93, https://doi.org/10.2113/0540057

7. Ghosh B., Ghosh M. K., Parhi P., Mukherjee P. S., Mishra B. K., 2015. Waste printed circuit boards recycling: an extensive assessment of current status, J. Clean. Prod., 94, 5–19,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.024

8. Hohmann C., Winkler E., Morin G., Kappler A., 2010. Anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidising bacteria show as resistance and immobilise as during Fe(III) mineral precipitation., Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 94-101, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900708s 

9. Ilyas S., Lee J., 2014. Biometallurgical recovery of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment: a review, Chem Bio Eng Rev., 1, 148–169, https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400001 

10. Işıldar A., van Hullebusch E. D., Lenz M., Laing G. D., Marra A., Cesaro A., Panda S., Akcil A., Kucuker M. A., Kuchta K. 2019. Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) – A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 362, 467–481.

11. Isildar A., van de Vossenberg J., Rene E. R., van Hullebusch E. D., Lens P. N. L., 2016. Two-step bioleaching of copper and gold from discarded printed circuit boards (PCB), Waste Management, 57, 149-157.

12. Loukanov A., Kamasawa N., Danev R., Shigemoto R., Nagayama K. 2010. Immunolocalization of multiple membrane proteins on a carbon replica with STEM and EDX, Ultramicroscopy, 110(4), 366–374, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.01.016

13. Morin D., Lips A., Pinches T., Huisman J., Frias C., Norberg A., Forssberg E., 2006. BioMinE – integrated project for the development of biotechnology for metal-bearing materials in Europe., Hydrometallurgy, 83, 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.047 

14. Nancharaiah,Y. V., Venkata Mohan S., Lens P. N. L., 2005. Metals removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: A review, Bioresour. Technol.,195, 102–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.058 

15. Natarajan G., Ting Y.-P., 2014. Pretreatment of e-waste and mutation of alkalitolerant cyanogenic bacteria promote gold biorecovery, Bioresour. Technol., 152, 80–85, DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.108

16. Singh P., Kim Y. J., Zhang D., Yang D. C., 2016. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms, Trends Biotechnol., 34, 588-599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.006 

17. Sneha K., Sathishkumar M., Mao J., Kwak I.S., Yun Y.S., 2010. Corynebacterium glutamicum-mediated crystallization of silver ions through sorption and reduction processes, Chem. Eng. J., 162, 989-996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.006 

18. Xiang Y., Wu P., Zhu N., Zhang T., Liu W., 2010. Bioleaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards by bacterial consortium enriched from acid mine drainage, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 812–818, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.113 

19. Yamane L. H., de Moraes V. T., Espinosa D. C. R., Tenório J.A.S., 2011. Recycling of WEEE: characterisation of spent printed circuit boards from mobile phones and computers, Waste Manage., 31, 2553–2558

Nadezhda Stoycheva, Petar Shishkov

ABSTRACT. Studies of foreign experience in the extraction of magmatic rocks for decorative and cladding purposes show a continuing trend for the use of high–speed explosives in the primary separation of the rock block from the massif. The belief that this is the cheapest way for primary extraction against the background of the prices for cutting of hard and highly abrasive rocks with diamond–rope, chain– and disk–stone cutters, makes quarry owners to put up with the losses from unwanted cracking of high–quality material. The authors undertook a series of experiments on samples of magma rock with hardness f = 16 according to Protodyakonov. The advantages and disadvantages of an alternative non–explosive technology for stone splitting with bulk–expanding mixtures were analysed. The results were compared with those using detonating cord charges to detach rock blocks with the same characteristics.

Key words: non–explosive stone splitting, bulk–expanding mixtures, smooth blasting, ornamental stone extrac

Stoycheva, N., P. Shishkov
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNIQUES FOR DETACHMENT OF NATURAL STONE BLOCKS FROM THE MASSIF WITH FLEXIBLE HIGH-EXPLOSIVE CHARGES AND BULK-EXPANDING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594833
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171920

References

1. Abdollahisharif J., Bakhtavar E., 2009. An intelligent algorithm of minimum cutting plane to find optimal size of extractable-blocks in dimension stone quarries, Archives of Mining Sciences, 54 (4), 641-656. 

2. Bakhtavar E., Abdollahisharif J., Lotfi E., Oraee K., Assessment of parameters influencing the extraction method selection for the dimension stone quarries, Proceedings of SME Annual Meeting: Mine to Market, Now it’s Global, Feb. 19-22, 2012, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration. Seattle, WA, 244-248. 

3. Belin V. A., Mollova Z. G., 2021. Influence of the type of donor charges on the detonation rate of low-sensitivity explosives, Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories, 1 (47), 112-119.

4. Cardu M., Patrucco M., Lovera E., Michelotti E., Quarrying by explosive and diamond wire in hard dimension stones, Proceedings of the European Federation of Explosives Engineers, Brighton Conference 2005, 409 – 414. 

5. Dino G. A., Cavallo A., 2014. Ornamental stones of the Verbano Cusio Ossola quarry district: Characterization of materials, quarrying techniques and history and relevance to local and national heritage, in: Global Heritage Stone: Towards International Recognition of Building and Ornamental Stones,  Geological Society of London Special Publication SP 407 (1).

6. Koprev I. 2012. Otkrit dobiv na skalni blokove, Avangard Prima, (in Bulgarian).    

7. Koprev I. 2016. Tehnologiya na dobiva na skalno-oblitsovachni materiali, Avangard Prima, (in Bulgarian). 

8. Mollova Z., Penev V., 2020. Control of blast-induced seismic action generated by technological blastings, Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 1, 64-67, DOI: 10.58903/a14161831 

9. Mollova Z., 2019a. Blast load analysis and effect on building structures, Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 2, 70-75.

10. Mollova Z., 2019b. New insights into the impact of blast wave on the human body, Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 2, 75-81.   

11. Muhammad A., 2012. M.Sc. Thesis, Extraction of marble block using cracking powder. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar.

12. Penev V., Mollova Z, 2020. Design optimization of drilling and blasting operations: А case study on copper ore mining in Asarel, Journal of mining and geological sciences, 63, 84-89. 

13. Singh S. P., 2005. Blast Control Damage in Jointed Rock Mass. International Journal of Fragblast, 9 (3), 175- 183, https://doi.org/10.1080/13855140500293280 

14. Stoycheva N., 2019. M.Sc. Thesis, Analiz na metodite zan dobiv na skalno-oblitsovachni materiali i predlozhenie za vnedryavane na novo pokolenie nedetonirashti eksplozivi University of mining and geology, Sofia, (in Bulgarian).

15. Zhang J. C., Chang C., On damage mechanism of micro crack zone in rock blasting and its measurements, Proceedings of 6^th Int. Symp. Rock fragmentation by blasting, FRADBLAST-6, August 8-10, 1999, The South African Inst. of Mining and Metall., Johannesburg, 358 -368

Nikolay Stoyanov, Stefan Dimovski

ABSTRACT. One of the many environmental problems resulting from electricity generation in thermal power plants is the release of large amounts of solid wastes (coal combustion products). In the absence of effective eco–friendly disposal practices, this waste is accumulated in the form of coal ash embankments or in the excavated parts of the open–cast mines. The so constituted big landfills and surface impoundments emit leachate emissions containing a wide range of conventional pollutants among which, by definition, sulphate ions (SO4) dominate. Using the computer program VS2DI, a numerical model is developed of the conditions for mass transport of pollutants (using the example of SO4) from the designed new embankments for deposition of non–hazardous industrial solid waste from TPP in the area of the internal embankments of Troyanovo–North open–cast mine, part of the Maritsa East Coal Mining Complex. The scheme of convective–diffusion mass transport is employed, taking into account reversible elimination (sorption–desorption), mechanical dispersion and mixing. On the basis of the developed model, a long–term prognosis (100 years) is made for the extent and the degree of subsurface contamination from the new embankments. Based on the model solutions, the retention capacity of the geological foundation and the risk of groundwater pollution are assessed.

Keywords: ecology, mass transport models, groundwater and soil contamination, landfills for solid waste from TPP, Maritsa East Coal Mining Complex

Stoyanov N., S. Dimovski
PROGNOSTIC MODEL OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY NEW EMBANKMENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF MARITSA EAST COAL MINING COMPLEX – CENTRAL SOUTHERN BULGARIA
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594857
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171919

References

1. Adams, E., L. Gelhar. 1992. Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer. 2. Spatial moments analysis. –  Water Resour. Res., 28 (12), 3293-3307, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01757 

2. Bear, J. 1979. Hydraulics of groundwater. New York, McGraw-Hill, 569 p.

3. BP statistical review of world energy. 2019. 68th edition. 64 р. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf 

4. Bredenkamp, D. 1990. Quantitative estimation of groundwater recharge by means of a simple rainfall-recharge relationship. – In: Groundwater recharge. IAH Memoir, Vol 8. (Eds. Lerner, D., A. Issar, I. Simmers). Heise, 247−256.

5. Brooks, R., A. Corey. 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. – In: Hydrology Papers 3, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, 27 p.

6. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2012. Groundwater Quality Signatures for Assessing Potential Impacts from Coal Combustion Product Leachate. – Technical Report 1017923, 162 p.

7. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2015. Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for the Coal Combustion Residuals Rule. – Technical Report 3002006287, 172 p.

8. Haverkamp, R., M. Vauclin, J. Tovina, P. Wierenga, G. Vachaud. 1977. A comparison of numerical simulation models for one-dimensional infiltration. – Soil Science Society of America Journal, 41 (2), 285-294, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020024x

9. Healy, R. W. 1990. Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey’s computer program VS2D. – USGS Numb. Ser., Water-Resour. Inv. Rep. 90-4025, Colorado, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904025

10. Hensel, B. 2016. Groundwater Monitoring and Data Analysis under the Coal Combustion Residuals Rule. – Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, 9, 37-41, https://doi.org/10.4177/1946-0198.9.2.37.1.

11. Hsieh, P., W. Wingle, R. W. Healy. 2000. VS2DI – A graphical software package for simulating fluid flow and solute or energy transport in variably saturated porous media. – USGS Numb. Ser., Water-Resour. Inv. Rep. 99-4130, 16 p.

12. Lappala, E., R. Healy, E. Weeks. 1987. Documentation of computer program VS2D to solve the equations of fluid flow in variably saturated porous media. USGS. – Water-Resour. Inv. Rep. 83-4099, Colorado, 184 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834099

13. Nikolova, M., G. Gerganov, G. Sirashki, H. Sirashki, V. Ivanov. 2010. Vlianie na energiinia kompleks “Maritsa Istok” varhu proizvodstvoto na ekologichna zemedelska produktsia – Scientific Research Almanac, 13, 419-471 (in Bulgarian with English abstract)

14. Petrov, P. 2019. Oharakterizizrane na otpadatsite ot TETs “Sviloza” i tiahnoto ekologosaobrazno sahranenie i opolzotvoriavane. Avangard Prima, Sofia, 139 p. (in Bulgarian)

15. Rocha, A., J. Smith, D. Graves. 2017. Biogeochemistry: A novel approach to managing and marketing CCR. – Proc. of World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference in Lexington, KY, USA – May 9-11, 2017. p. 8

16. Rossi, C., J. Nimmo. 1994. Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness. – Water Resource Research, 30 (3), 701-708.

17. Spitz, K., J. Moreno. 1996. A practical guide to groundwater and solute modeling. JW&S, NY, 460 p.

18. Stoyanov, N. 2019. Matematichesko modelirane v hidrogeologiyata. Chisleni 3D modeli po metoda na krainite razliki. Vanio Nedkov, Sofia, 246 p. (in Bulgarian)

19. Stoyanov, N. 2007. Migratsionni harakteristiki na tvardia otpadak (pepelinata), otdelian pri eksploatatsiata na TETs. – Annual of the University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 50, Part 1, 177-182 (in Bulgarian with English abstract)

20. Zheleva, E., M. Tsolova, B. Bogdanov. 2004. Novi ekologichni I tehnicheski problemi pri rekultivatsiata na narushenite tereni ot mini “Maritsa Istok” – Management and sustainable development, 1-2 (10), 323-328 (in Bulgarian with English abstract)

21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2009. Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities: Unified Guidance. – EPA 530/R-09-007, 884 p.

22. van Genuchten, M. Th. 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. – Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44 (5), 892-898, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x 

Serhii Joukov, Serhii Lutsenko, Yulian Hryhoriev, Ehor Shvets, Siarhei Onika, Ekaterina Babiy

ABSTRACT. Purpose. The state of open–pit mining, formed at Ukrainian enterprises, as well as the state of the mineral raw materials market require the search for new, more economically feasible approaches to open mining operations. Such a solution is the widespread use of cyclical–streaming technology. The aim of the paper is to research the interconnection between the main technological parameters of cyclical–streaming technology. Scientific novelty. In the paper relationships are established and the rational values of the parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology are determined, which
contributes to improving the economic indicators of deposit development. Practical significance. The mathematical modelling of the main parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology is fulfilled. The obtained results of studies of the main parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology can be used by project organisations and mining enterprises in the design. Research results. The comparison of optimal indicators of operation of the excavator–automobile complex and cyclical–streaming technology is performed, as a result
of which the economic expediency of the latter was confirmed. It has been established that increasing the carrying capacity of more than 136 tons at the current level of development of machinery and technology in iron ore open–pits in most cases is not appropriate. At the same time, the influence of the efficiency of the excavator unit on the performance of the cyclical–streaming technology in general was investigated. As a result, it was established that the best technical and economic indicators will be reached using the EKG–10 excavator. In this case, the geometric capacity of the dump truck body must correspond to the capacity of the bucket, and the load capacity is up to 130 tons. Thus, the study confirms the technological parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology that have been developed in the open–pits of the mining and processing plants of Kryvbas region.

Key words: the cyclical–streaming technology, excavator–automobile complex, equipment performance.

Joukov, S., S.Lutsenko, Y. Hryhoriev, E. Shvets, S. Onika, E. Babiy
OPTIMISATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF CYCLICAL-STREAMING TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF KRYVBAS IRON ORE DEPOSITS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594924
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171918

References

1. Chetverik M.S., Medvedeva O.A., 2010. Perspektivy primeneniya krutonaklonnykh konveyyerov pri tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii na kar’yerakh Krivbassa, Geotekhnicheskaya mekhanika, 89, 197-203 (in Russian).

2. Chetverik M.S. 2012. Tsiklichno-potochnaya tekhnologiya na glubokikh kar’yerakh. Perspektivy razvitiya. Dionis, Krivoy Rog (in Russian).

3. Chetverik M.S., Bulat A.F., Babiy Y.V., Vilkul Y.G., 2014. Perspektivy primeneniya krutonaklonnykh konveyyerov pri tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii v usloviyakh glubokikh kar’yerov Krivbassa, Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost’, 6, 73-78 (in Russian).

4. Bass K.M., Krivda V.V. 2017. Analiz issledovaniy po obosnovaniyu parametrov sistem razrabotki glubokikh gorizontov kar’yerov pri primenenii avtomobil’nogo transporta, Contemporary Innovation Technique of the Engineering Personnel Training for the Mining and Transport Industry, 217, 103-112, (in Russian).

5. Yakovlev V.L., 2003. Perspektivnyye resheniya v oblasti tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii glubokikh kar’yerov, Gornyy zhurnal, 5, 4-11, (in Russian).

6. Rakishev B. R. 2012. Tsiklichno-potochnyye tekhnologii na kar’yerakh Kazakhstana, Vestnik KazNTU, 1, 14-20, (in Russian).

7. Trubetskoy K. N., Zharikov I.F., Shenderov A.I., 2015. Sovershenstvovaniye konstruktsii kar’yernykh kompleksov  TSPT. Gornyy zhurnal, 1, 21–24, (in Russian).

8. Karmayev G. D., Glebov A.V., 2012. Vybor gorno-transportnogo oborudovaniya tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii kar’yerov. IGD UrO RAN, Yekaterinburg, (in Russian).

9. Reshetnyak S. P., 2015. Sovremennyye tendentsii v proyektirovanii tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii na kar’yerakh, GIAB, 56, 126-133.

10. Shemetov P.A., 2007. Transportirovaniye gornoy massy mezhustupnym krutonaklonnym peregruzhatelem, Gornyy zhurnal, 5, 46-47, (in Russian).

11. Kucherskiy N.I., Malygin O.N., 2005. Effektivnost’ proyektiruyemogo kompleksa TSPT-ruda s krutonaklonnym konveyyerom dlya kar’yera «Muruntau», Gornyy zhurnal, 11, 59-62, (in Russian).

12. Suprun V. I., Pastikhin D.V., Radchenko S.A., Perelygin V.V. 2014, Problemy i perspektivy ispol’zovaniya tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii dlya otrabotki krupnykh ugol’nykh i rudnykh mestorozhdeniy, GIAB, 1, 332-346 (in Russian).

Vesela Petrova

ABSTRACT. Climate changes and environmental degradation are a threat to the existence of Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges, at the end of 2019, the European Commission outlined as a main political line the proposal for the European Green Deal. In most of its aspects, this document is a benchmark for a new mindset that aims to turn the EU in a fair and prosperous society with a modern, resource–efficient and competitive economy in which there will be no net greenhouse emissions in 2050 and the economic growth will not depend on the use of resources. This publication reflects the path from the emergence of the idea of the European Green Deal to the policies pursued today. The academic papers developed in the field are analysed, as well as the prerequisites and challenges that lead to its implementation. An attempt has been made to answer questions related to the main goals of the Green Deal and how these aims correspond to the raw material industry which will be the industry with the most significant consequences in the next decade.

Key words: European Green Deal, raw material industry

Petrova, V.
THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RAW MATERIAL INDUSTRY
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594978
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171917

References

1. Brodny, J., M. Tutak. (2020). The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyse Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union. Energies, 13(8), 1925, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081925

2. Claeys, G. S. T. Tagliapietra, G. Zachmann (2019). How to make the European Green Deal work Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue n 14.

3. CORDIS. (2021, Jan 17). Sustainable innovative solutions for mineral exploration. Retrieved from cordis.europa.EU: https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/413488-metal-and-minerals-exploration

4. Eurostat. (2021, Jan 18). Archive:Energy from renewable sources. Retrieved from ec.europa. EU: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_from_renewable_sources

5. Hund, K., D. Porta, T. Fabregas, T. Laing, J. Drexhage (2020) Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition, World Bank Report.

6. Interreg Europe, 2021, https://www.interregeurope.eu/news-and-events/news/11056/green-transition-under-the-errf/?no_cache=1&cHash=a07829c25057a69c27b0c11cf6244b0d

7. Jones, B. (2021, Jan 18). Opportunities and challenges of renewable power for miners. Retrieved from Crugroup.com: https://www.crugroup.com/knowledge-and-insights/spotlights/2019/opportunities-and-challenges-of-renewable-power-for-miners/

8. National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2021 https://nextgeneration.bg/14

9. Siddi, M. (2020). The European Green Deal: Assessing its current state and future implementation. Finnish Institute of International Affairs.

10. Sikora, A. European Green Deal – legal and financial challenges of the climate change. ERA Forum 21, 681–697 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00637-3

11. European commission, 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420

12. European Commission, 2021 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en

13. https://renewablesnow.com/news/renewables-bring-72-of-new-global-power-capacity-in-2019-693872/

Lyubomir S. Ilchev, Nadezhda G. Davcheva–Ilcheva

ABSTRACT: Sustainable development helps the transition of industrial enterprises from “open” to “closed” type of economy, solving their contradictions with the environment and the biosphere. Therefore, the future belongs to those industrial plants that will comply with and put into practice the concept of sustainable development. The authors propose a conditional structural and functional schemes for mining, beneficiation and metallurgical enterprises in accordance with the requirements of the main UN and EU documents for sustainable development. Management, as a major production factor, together with one of its main tools – feedback, have the task to change the ongoing processes to this desired goal. A network of industrial indicators accounting for the effectiveness of systems management and the progress made is also pointed out.

Key words: sustainable development, structure, organisation, functioning, management toolkit.

Ilchev, L., N. Davcheva-Ilcheva
SUSTAINABLY DEVELOPING MINING, BENEFICIATION AND METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES ACCORDING TO UN AND EU REQUIREMENTS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594823
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171916

References:

1. Brundtland 1987. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oslo.

2. Davcheva-Ilcheva N., Ilchev L.  2005. Ecology. Sustainable development. Environment. EAST-WEST publishing house, Sofia (in Bulgarian)

3. Eurostat 2010. Measuring Sustainability – Sustainable Development Indicators, Indicators for Decision Making, Policy Performance Indices – a challenge to the GDP.

4. Ilchev L.  2018. Managing Sustainable Development of the Copper Life Cycle in the Republic of Bulgaria, (Dissertation) University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sofia.

5. Perloff J. M., van`t Veld K. T. 1994. Modern Industrial Organization, Second edition, Harper Collins.

6. Kenneth D. G., Joll C., Lynk E. L. 1992. Industrial Organization- Competition, Growth and Structural Change, Fourth edition, Rout ledge.

7. Aspola L. 2008. Sustainability Indicators in Copper Smelting Processes, M.Sc. Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology.

8. Ilchev L., Davcheva-Ilcheva N., 2015. Indicators Describing Pressures on Environment from Industry, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2 (6), 635-640.

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Maria–Filipa Ivanova, Irena Spasova, Stoyan Groudev

ABSTRACT. The study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for adsorption and elution of iron from acid mine drainage by ion–exchange resin LEWATIT MonoPlus TP 207 under a batch regime of operation. Langmuir’s sorption equation was employed to analyse the equilibrium data from the experiments. The data fitting demonstrated that the process obeyed pseudo–second–order kinetics with a linear regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. Because of the higher demand for hydrochloric solution (100 g/ L) for the ferric iron elution, we studied the effect of the preliminary stage of galvanic elution of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the presence of H2. In that way, a slightly acidic solution (30 g/ L) was sufficient to desorb more than 95 % of iron from ion exchange resin LEWATIT MonoPlus TP 207 at a temperature of 70 °C.

Keywords: iron, LEWATIT, sorption, reductive elution

Georgiev, P., M. Nicolova, M. Ivanova, I. Spasova, S. Groudev
STUDIES ON THE FERRIC IRON SORPTION FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON LEWATIT RESIN AS A STEP FOR METAL CONVERSION TO A VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594863
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171915

References

1. APHA. 1995. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

2. Agrawal A., Kumari S., Sahu K. K., 2011. Studies on solvent extraction of iron (III) as a step for conversion of a waste effluent to a value added product, Journal of Environmental Management 92, 3105 -3111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.026 

3. Ashiq A., Kulkarni J., Vithanage M., 2019. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from e-waste. In: Electronic Waste Management and Treatment Technology (Ed. By M. Narashimha and M. Vithanage), Elsevier, 225-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816190-6.00010-8

4. Azizorghaben A., Rashchi F., Babakhani A., 2016. Stoichiometry and structural studies of Fe(III)and Zn (II) solvent extraction using D2EHPA/ TBP,. Separation and Purification Technology, 171, 197 – 205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.037

5. Botelho Junior A. B., Vicente A. de A., Espinosa D.C.R., Tenorio, J.A.S., 2019. Recovery of metals by ion exchange processes using chelating resin and sodium dithionite, Journal Matters Research Technology, 8, 4464 – 4469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.07.059

6. Davenport W. G., King M., Schlesinger M., Biswas A. K., 2002. Extractive metallurgy of copper. 4^th edition, Pergamon Press, pp. 11-14.

7. Demopoulos G. P., Gefvert, D. L., 1984. Iron (III) removal from base metals electrolyte solutions by solvent extraction, Hydrometallurgy, 12, 299–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(84)90003-3

8. Dev S., Sachan A., Dehghani F., Ghosh T., Briggs B., Aggarwal S., 2020. Mechanisms of biological recovery of rare-earth elements from industrial and electronic wastes: a review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 397, 124596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124596 

9. Fatima N., Zhang Q., Chen R., Yan D., Zhou Q., Lu X., Xin Y., 2020. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of resin for metal impurities in Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, Polymers, 12, 2866 – 2878, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122866

10. Georgiev P., Nicolova M., Spasova I., Groudev S.., 2018. Bioleaching of valuable components from pyrometallurgical copper slags. Paper presented at 16^th International Mineral Processing Symposium, October, Antalya, Turkey.

11. Georgiev P., Ivanova M.-F., Nicolova M., Spasova I., Groudev S., 2020. Review of the iron recovery processes from laden leach liquors in hydrometallurgy, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal, 1, 37-42, DOI: 10.58903/a14161825

12. Groudev S., Georgiev P., Spasova I., Nicolova M., 2008. Bioremediation of acid mine drainage in a uranium deposit, Hydrometallurgy, 94, 93 – 99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.023

13. Ho Y.S., Ng J.C.Y., McKay G., 2000., Kinetics of pollutant sorption by biosorbents: Review, Separation and Purification Methods, 29, 189–232, https://doi.org/10.1081/SPM-100100009

14. Kulkarni S. A., Sawadh P. S., Palei P. K., Kokate K. K., 2014. Effect of synthesis route on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Ceramics International, 40, 1945 – 1949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.103

15. Lupi C., Pilone D., 2000. Reductive stripping in vacuum of Fe(III) from D2EHPA, Hydrometallurgy, 57, 201–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00112-2

16. Majima H., Izaki T., Sanuki S., 1985. Reductive stripping of Fe(III)-loaded D2EHPA with the aqueous solutions containing sulfur dioxide, Metall. Trans. B, 16, 187–194.

17. Millar G. J., Schot A., Coupethwaite S. J., Shilling A., Nuttall  K., de Bruyn M., 2015. Equilibrium and column studies of ion exchange with strong acid cation resin, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 373 – 385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.023

18. Nikoloski A. N., Ang K.-L., 2014. Review of the application of ion exchange resins for the recovery of platinum-group metals from hydrochloric acid solutions, Mineral Processing Extraction Metallurgy Review, 35, 369–389, https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2013.764875

19. Parhi P. K., Park K. H., Nam C. W., Park J. T., 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and separation of total rare earth metals from polymetallic nodule leaching solution, Journal of Rare Earths, 33, 207-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60404-X

20. Product Guide. 2021. Portfolio of Lewatit^® ion exchange resins and Bayoxide^® iron oxide adsorbers. LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, Cologne, Germany.

21. Riveros P. A., 2004. The extraction of Fe(III) using cationic carboxylic resins, Hydrometallurgy, 72, 272 – 290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00181-6 

22. Vuori K.-M., 1995. Direct and indirect effects of iron on river ecosystems, Ann. Zool. Fennici, 32, 317 – 329.

23. Watling H. R., 2006. The bioleaching of sulfide minerals with emphasis on copper sulfides – A Review, Hydrometallurgy, 84, 81-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001

24. Zhang, Y., Liu, Q, Li, L. 2016. Removal of iron from synthetic copper leach solution using a hydroxy-oxime chelating resin, Hydrometallurgy, 164, 154 – 158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.004

N. Duru

ABSTRACT. Although the effect of high oxygen pressure on gold recoveries at elevated slurry temperatures was previously investigated, the sole effect of the pressure at ambient temperatures on cyanide leaching with the presence of nearly enough oxygen for the cyanide reactions to occur has not been found to be studied. This research work was carried out with the objective of investigating the effect of pressure on the recovery of gold from an oxide gold ore and flotation tailing (Carbon in leach (CIL) feed) samples during cyanide leaching process at room temperature. Pressure cyanidation experiments were run in a batch autoclave under different air and nitrogen gas pressures, and pH conditions. Atmospheric bottle roll leach tests for 24 and 8 hours resulted in 90.5% and 66.4% gold recoveries, respectively, whereas 8 hours batch autoclave leach tests under 90 psi air pressure resulted in 88.8% gold recovery from oxide ore samples. Flotation tailing samples leached under atmospheric and under 90 psi air pressure for 8 hours resulted in 16.8% and 34.5% gold recoveries, respectively.

Key words: cyanide, pressure leach, gold

Duru, N. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON GOLD CYANIDE LEACHING
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594829
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171914

References

1. Barsky G., 1934. Dissolution of gold and silver in cyanide solution, AIME Trans., 112,. 673-677.

2. Elsner L., 1846. Über das verhalten verschiedener metale in einer wassrigen lössung von zyankalium, J. Prakt. Chem. 37, 441 – 446.

3. Habashi F. 1967. Kinetics and mechanism of gold and silver dissolution in cyanide solution, Bureu of Mines and Geology, Butte, Montana.

4. Ibach H. 2006. Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces, Springer, New York.

5. Park J. 1897. The cyanide process of gold extraction, Champtaloup and Cooper, Auckland.

6. Mott R. L. 2015. Applied fluid Mechanics, Pearson, Dayton.

7. Senanayake G., 2005. Kinetics and reaction mechanism of gold cyanidation: Surface reaction model via Au(I)-OH-CN, Hydrometallurgy, 80,  2 -15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.08.002

8. Smith A., Mudder T., 1991. The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanidation Wastes, Mining Journal Books Limited, London.

Kremena Arsova–Borisova, Veselin Hristov

ABSTRACT. The differences between shallow neural networks and deep neural networks are considered. Data from operational exploration of an open pit mine are used to train different types of deep neural networks to predict a useful indicator. The results of deep network training are compared both with each other and with previous results obtained from the training of shallow neural networks. The errors in training and testing of the models according to the number of layers and nodes in the networks are analysed.

Key words: deep neural networks, deep learning

Arsova-Borisova, K., V. Hristov
DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF A GEOLOGICAL INDICATOR DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594817
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171913

References

1. Han J., Kamber M., Pei J., 2011. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Third Edition – Elsevier Inc., USA.

2. Topalov St., Hristov V., Prognostication of Geological Parameters Value Using Neural Networks, Proceedings of International Society for Mine Surveying XIII International Congress, Budapest, Hungary, 24-28 September 2007, No 048. Elected from Institute of Mine Surveyors of South Africa Journal, XXXIV (2), 2010, 18 – 25.

3. Topalov St., Hristov V., Investigation of 3D copper grade changeability by Neural Networks in metasomatic ore deposit, Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conferences on: NEURAL NETWORKS (NN’08), May 2-4, 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, 58 – 62.

4. Hristov V., Topalov St., Influence of geological information density on the training quality of neural networks as forecast models, Proceedings of the 6th Jordanian International Mining Conference, 01 – 03 November, 2011, Amman. Jordan

5. Hristov V., Topalov St., Varianti na prognozirane s nevronni mrezhi pri podzemen dobiv na olovno – cinkova ruda, Proceedings of the Treta nacionalna nauchno – tehnicheska konferencija s mezhdunarodno uchastie „Tehnologii i praktiki pri podzemnija dobiv i minnoto stroitelstvo”, 8 – 11 October, 2012, Devin, Bulgaria, 26 – 31. (in Bulgarian)

6. Hristov V., 2015. Nevronni mrezhi pri analiz na danni ot minnata promishlenost, publishing house MGU “Sv. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, 108 p (in Bulgarian)

7. Hristov V., Topalov St., Tochnost na prognozirane na kachestven pokazatel s nevronni mrezhi obuslovena na krajnija kontur na raboten horizont, Proceedings of the XІII-th National Conference with International Participation of the Open and Underwater Mining of Minerals, 1 – 5 September 2015, Varna, Bulgaria, 221 – 226. (In Bulgarian)

Todor Angelov, Ivanka Valchanova

ABSTRACT. An initial test work was carried out to demonstrate that solution produced by autoclave acid leaching of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) from the steel production could be processed through solvent extraction (SX) to recover zinc. Solvent extraction is a process for purification of the leach solution that extracts mainly zinc from other metallic impurities. To assess zinc extraction different counter–current extraction and strip configurations were tested. Extractant Di–2–ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and Shellsol D100 as a diluent were used in this investigation. The main operational parameters and the results obtained in the test work are presented in this paper. Well over 90% of the zinc was extracted from the pregnant leach solution using multi–stage SX circuit configuration and pH adjustment. Details of circuit configurations, phase disengagement times and crud generation are also shown.

Key words: zinc, solvent extraction, circuit configuration

Angelov, T., I. Valchanova
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ZINC FROM ACIDIC LEACH SOLUTIONS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594932
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171912

References

1. Balesini Aghdam, A. A., Razavizadeh, H., Zakeri, A., 2011, Solvent extraction of zinc from acidic solution obtained from cold purification filter cake of Angouran mine concentrate using D2EHPA. Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering (8) 43-47.

2. Chauhan S., Patel T., 2014, A Review on Solvent Extraction of Nickel, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJER), 3 (9), 1315-1322.

3. Cole P.M., Sole K.C., 2002. Solvent extraction in the primary and secondary processing of zinc, The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 451-456.

4. Cole P. M., Sole K. C., 2003. Zinc Solvent Extraction in the Process Industries, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metall,. (24), 91-137, https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500306897

5. Deep A., De Carvalho J., 2008. Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 26, 375–404, https://doi.org/10.1080/07366290802179267

6. Kumar J. R., Kim J-S., Lee J-Y, Yoon H-S., 2011. A Brief Review on Solvent Extraction of Uranium from Acidic Solutions, Separation & Purification Reviews, 40 (2), 77-125, https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2010.549760

7. Liu W., Zhang J., Xu Z., Liang J., Zhu Z., 2021. Study on the extraction and separation of zinc, cobalt, and nickel using Ionquest 801, Cyanex 272 and their mixtures, Metals, 11, 401-403, https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030401

Vancho Adjiski, Zoran Panov, Risto Popovski, Radmila Karanakova Stefanovska

ABSTRACT. Rock quality designation (RQD) index, provides a general indication of rock mass quality and is widely used in many rock mass classification systems. From the literature review, it is concluded that the RQD methodology has several limitations and one of them is highlighted in this paper with the help of stochastic analysis with Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of this paper is to improve the results of the RQD index through volumetric joint count (Jv) from accessible surface areas or when drill cores are not available. In this paper, we introduce a low–cost photogrammetric method for rock slope reconstruction with scaled and oriented 3D point cloud, ideally suited for geomechanical analysis. As an outcome, the 3D point cloud is then used to detect the discontinuity sets and to, define their orientation, normal spacing and persistence. Results are then used to calculate the number of joints per m3, which is then used as input in the empirical correlation between the RQD index and the Jv. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is that it is completely based on open–source software.

Key words: RQD index, volumetric joint count, photogrammetry, discontinuity sets

Adjiski, V., Z. Panov, R. Popovski, R. Karanakova Stefanovska
APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR DETERMINATION OF VOLUMETRIC JOINT COUNT AS A MEASURE FOR IMPROVED ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD) INDEX
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594940
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171911

References

1. Adjiski V., Zubicek V., Despodov Z., 2019. Monte Carlo simulation of uncertain parameters to evaluate the evacuation process in an underground mine fire emergency, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 119(11), 907-917, https://dx.doi.org/ .17159/2411-9717/701/2019

2. Azimian A., 2016. A New Method for Improving the RQD Determination of Rock Core in Borehole, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 49, 1559-1566, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0789-8

3. Buyer A., Schubert W., 2017. Calculation the Spacing of Discontinuities from 3D Point Clouds, Procedia Engineering,  191, 270-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.proeng.2017.05.181

4. Chen Q., Yin T., Niu W., 2018. Replacing RQD and Discontinuity Spacing with the Modified Blockiness Index in the Rock Mass Rating System, Archives of Mining Sciences, 63, 353-382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/122452

5. Chen Q., Yin T., 2019. Should the Use of Rock Quality Designation Be Discontinued in the Rock Mass Rating System?, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 52, 1075-1094, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1607-x

6. Chen Q., Yin T., Jia H., 2019. Selection of Optimal Threshold of Generalised Rock Quality Designation Based on Modified Blockiness Index, Advances in Civil Engineering, 1-11, DOI:10.1155/2019/1340549

7. CloudCompare (version 2.11.3) [GPL software]. 2020. Retrieved from https://www.danielgm.net/cc/

8. Deere DU., 1963. Technical Description of Rock Cores for Engineering Purpose, Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology, 1 (1) 16-22.

9. Francioni M., Simone M., Stead D., Sciarra N., Mataloni G., Calamita F., 2019. A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes, Remote Sensing, 11(11):1267, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111267

10. García-Luna R., Senent S., Jurado-Piña R., Jimenez R., 2019. Structure from Motion photogrammetry to characterize underground rock masses: Experiences from two real tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Volume 83, 262-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tust.2018.09.026.

11. Hack R., An evaluation of slope stability classification, Dinis da Gama C, Ribeira e Sousa L (eds) Proceedings of ISRM EUROCK, 25–28 November 2002, Portugal, Madeira, Funchal, 3–32.

12. Haftani M., Chehreh H. A., Mehinrad A., 2016. Practical Investigations on Use of Weighted Joint Density to Decrease the Limitations of RQD Measurements, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49, 1551-1558, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0788-9

13. Harrison J. P., 1999. Selection of the threshold value in RQD assessments, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36(5), 673-685, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00035-2

14. Kim D.H.., Gratchev I., Poropat G.V., The determination of joint roughness coefficient using three-dimensional models for slope stability analysis, PM Dight (ed.), Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, 2013, Perth, 281-289, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1308_15_Kim

15. Macciotta R., Gräpel C., Skirrow R,, 2020. Fragmented Rockfall Volume Distribution from Photogrammetry-Based Structural Mapping and Discrete Fracture Networks, Applied Sciences, 10(19), 6977, https://doi.org/10.3390 /app10196977

16. Meshroom (version 2020.1.1) [GPL software]. 2020. Retrieved from https://alicevision.org/#meshroom

17. Palmstrom A., The volumetric joint count—a useful and simple measure of the degree of jointing, IVth Int. Congress IAEG, 1982, New Delhi, India, 221–228.

18. Palmstrom A., Application of the volumetric joint count as a measure of rock mass jointing, Proc. Int. Symp. on Fundamentals of Rock Joints, 15-20 September, 1985, Bjorkliden, 103–110.

19. Palmstrom A., 1995. RMi — a rock mass characterization system for rock engineering purposes, PhD thesis, University of Oslo- Norway, Department of Geology.

20. Palmstrom A., The weighted joint density method leads to improved characterization of jointing, International Conference on Recent Advances in Tunneling Technology, 1996, New Delhi, India.

21. Palmström A., 2001. Measurement and characterization of rock mass jointing, in: In-Situ Characterization of Rocks, A. A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, TOKIO.

22. Palmström A., 2005. Measurements of and Correlations between Block Size and Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Tunnels and Underground Space Technology, 20, 362-377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005

23. Papathanassiou G., Riquelme A., Tzevelekis T., Evaggelou E., 2020. Rock Mass Characterization of Karstified Marbles and Evaluation of Rockfall Potential Based on Traditional and SfM-Based Methods; Case Study of Nestos, Greece, Geosciences 2020, 10, 389. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/geosciences10100389

24. Pells P. J., Bieniawski Z. T., Hencher S. R., 2017. Rock quality designation (RQD): time to rest in peace, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 54 (6), 825-834, DOI:10.1139/cgj-2016-0012

25. Riquelme A. J., Abellán A., Tomás R., Jaboyedoff M., 2014. A new approach for semi-automatic rock mass joints recognition from 3D point clouds, Computers & Geosciences, 68, 38-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.03.014

26. Vavro M., Soucek K., Stas L., Waclawik P., Vavro L., Konicek P., Ptacek J., 2015. Application of alternative methods for determination of rock quality designation (RQD) index: a case study from the Rozna I uranium mine, Strazek Moldanubicum, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52, 1466–1476, dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0377

Zaure Abdrakhmanova, Andrey Kan, Roman Yun, Sergey Yefimenko, Dmitry Makarov

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the process and methodological aspects of X–ray fluorescence online monitoring of ore silver grade at the underground mines and open pits operated by Kazakhmys Corporation LLC. The analysis was complicated by the requirement to: a) ensure reliable silver grade determination of the ore, starting at 1+ ppm; b) sample mine faces in vertical sections to a height of up to 7 m. For geophysical online monitoring of the ore material in the walls of mine workings and in the broken rock mass, a portable energy–dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectrometer RPP–12T (Aspap Geo LLC, Alma–Ata) was developed, assembled, and comprehensively tested. The results of investigations carried out using the RPP–12T spectrometer are discussed. The data collected during the investigations made it possible to implement online ore silver grade monitoring in the underground mines and open pits operated by Kazakhmys Corporation LLC.

Key words: X–ray fluorescence method, energy–dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectrometer RPP–12T, online ore grade monitoring

Abdrakhmanova, Z., A. Kan, R. Yun, S. Yefimenko, D. Makarov
ONLINE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SCREENING OF ORE FOR SILVER AT THE MINES OPERATED BY KAZAKHMYS CORPORATION LLC
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594992
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171910

References

1. Satpayeva M. K., 2005. Copper belt Zhezkazgan – Ainak, News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, geological series, 6, 15 – 31.

2. Dosmukhamedov N. K., Lezin A. N., 2011. Development of domestic instruments for analytical control for enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex of Kazakhstan, Mining Journal of Kazakhstan, 10, 28–35.

3. Dosmuhamedov N., Lezin A., Tokenov N., Ecoanalytics in mining metallurgy, Internationaler Kongress Fachmesse EURO-ECO, 29-30 November, 2012, Hannover, (Germany), 44–45.

4. Dosmukhamedov N. K., Lezin A., Tokenov N. M., 2013. X-ray fluorescent energy-dispersive portable device for multi-element express ore sampling, International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, 10-3, 491-492, URL: http://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=4257  (date accessed: 25.06.2019).

5. Moschevikin A., Soloviev A., 2020. CERGA – a complex for the automation of geochemical research and documentation, Control Engineering Russia, 4, 63–69.

6. Yefimenko S., Yefimenko O., Makarov D. 2014. Environmental nuclear-geophysical ore monitoring in mines of Corporation Kazakhmys LLC, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 49 (10), 1163–1170, DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.897530

7. Yefimenko S., Yefimenko O., Portnov V., Maussymbayeva A, Makarov D., Nuclear–geophysical technologies for online quality control of ores and their processing products applied at corporation Kazakhmys LLC, 20th Conference on Environment and Mineral Processing, VŠB–TU, 2016. Ostrava, Check Republic, 325–331.

8. Tsentgeolanalit LLP 2020. Katalog of standard samples developed by LLP “Centrgeolanalit”, https://analit.kz/work/razrabotka-i-izgotovlenie-standartnykh-obraztsov-sostava-vsekh-tipov-rud.

9. Yefimenko S. A., Algorithms for calculating the concentrations of elements in the X-ray radiometric analysis of ores on the RPP-12 spectrometer, Proceedings of young scientists (technical sciences), SKGMI (STU), (3), 2009, Vladikavkaz, Russia, 101-113.

10. ST RK 3126-2017, Norms of permissible discrepancies between the results of analyzes of products of the copper industry and the lead-zinc industry for the content of basic elements, https://online.zakon.kz/m/Document/?doc_id=39910757

Svetlin Toshev, Alexandre Loukanov

ABSTRACT. The paper focuses on the development of ultra–small carbon nanodots as sensitive sensors for detection and monitoring of manganese in drinking water and groundwater. The environmental contamination with manganese is often a result from industrial activities such as mining and agriculture. The soluble Mn ions are toxic for many organisms and might even cause serious human diseases. The strategy for sensory detection used by us is based on a photo–oxidation reaction, in which the carbon nanodots are dissolved in acidic solution and illuminated with UV irradiation ( = 365 nm). At these conditions the nanoparticles acted as photosensitizer and produced singlet oxygen, which can be monitored by 3,3’,5,5’–tetramethylbenzidine as an organic indicator. However, to proceed this reaction, it is necessary to introduce the redox pair Mn(II)/Mn(III) in the reaction mixture, which plays the role of a catalytic mediator for the electron transfer. Thus, the oxidation of 3,3’,5,5’–tetramethylbenzidine appears, which results in blue colour of the solution with absorbance maximum at 645 nm. The rate of this sensory reaction was significantly enhanced in the presence of EDTA, which was used as a ligand to obtain a stable complex of Mn(III)/EDTA. The formed complex itself oxidised the organic indicator and caused the colorimetric reaction. Among the other metal ions tested, only manganese could be detected by the presented sensory approach.

Keywords: manganese detection and monitoring, ultra–small carbon nanodots, sensory reaction

Toshev, S., A. Loukanov. Detection and monitoring of manganese in drinking water and groundwater through photo-oxidation sensory reaction with ultra-small carbon nanodots
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4270156
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/a14161836

References
1. Armstrong, F, A., (2008) Why did Nature choose manganese to make oxygen? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 363, 1263–1270. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2223

2. Bamforth, S, M., Manning, D. A., Singleton, I., Younger, P. L., Johnson, K. L., (2006) Manganese removal from mine waters–investigating the occurrence and importance of manganese carbonates. Appl. Geochem. 21, 1274–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.06.004

3. Bulska, E., Ruszczyńska, (2017) Analytical techniques for trace element determination. Physical Sciences Reviews 2, 20178002. https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2017-8002

4. Chiswell, B., Huang, S.-H. D., (2006) Chapter 10 – Manganese removal. Interface Science and Technology 10, 179–192. DOI:  10.1016/S1573-4285(06)80079-7

5. Dieter, H. H., Rotard, W., Simon, J., Wilke, O., (1992) Manganese in natural mineral waters from Germany. Die Nahrung 36, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19920360509

6. Khadse, G. K., Patni, P. M., Labhasetwar, P. K., (2015) Removal of iron and manganese from drinking water supply. Sustainable Water Resources Management 1, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0017-4

7. Loukanov, A., Mladenova, P., Udono, H., Miskolczy, Z., Angelov, A., Biczók, L., Nakabayashi, S., (2018) Sulfur doped fluorescent carbon dots as nanosensors for rapid and sensitive monitoring of calcium in hard water. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 53, 473–479.

8. O’Neal, S. L., Zheng, W., (2015) Manganese toxicity upon overexposure: a decade in review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2, 315–328. doi: 10.1007/s40572-015-0056-x.