Angel Zabtchev, Romeo Alexandrov

ABSTRACT. A coil intended for magnetisation of finely ground magnetite ores during secondary extraction of iron is considered. It is in the shape of a cylindrical ring and is strung on the pulp tube, which is made of non–magnetic and non–conductive material. The coil has known dimensions of the inner diameter and length, obtained for technological reasons. A direct current with a large alternating current component flows through the coil, formed by a diode half–wave rectifier circuit. A methodology is given for determining the electrical parameters of the winding at a given mains supply voltage, heat load and cooling conditions.
Keywords: magnetising coil, magnetic separation, heat load

Zabtchev, A., R. Alexandrov
CALCULATION OF THE MAGNETISING COIL FOR IMPROVING THE MAGNETIC SEPARATION
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594809
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171923

References:

1. Aleksandrov R., Savov N., Ustroystvo za selektivna magnitna flokulatsia, Sbornik s dokladi, Natsionalna nauchno-tehnicheska konferentsia s mezhdunarodno uchastie Avtomatizatsia v minnata industria i metalurgiyata, BULKAMK’18, 15-16.11.2018, Sofia, 105-109, (in Bulgarian).

2. Kalantarov P. L., Zeitlin L. A., 1970. Raschet induktivnostey: Spravochnaya kniga, (in Russian).

3. Klisuranov G., 1989. Magnitni, elektricheski i spetsialni metodi na obogatyavane, Sofia, (in Bulgarian).

Yuriy Vilkul, Valeriy Slobodyanyuk, Ivan Мaximov

ABSTRACT. When designing the strip mining methods at the deep open pits at the stage of preliminary studies, it is necessary to determine the optimum number and succession of relocation of crushing and transfer stations while developing the open pit. This cuts the transport costs and reduces the number of dump trucks required. An analytical dependence has been established to determine the optimum number of transfer points with their uniform location along the length and height of the open pit working area. The features of changes in the basic technological parameters of truck operation, depending on the number of crushing and transfer stations, the open pit size and output are studied. The conditions for simultaneous use of several crushing and transfer stations, their optimum number and performance have been determined; the economic benefits of using the flowcharts with multiple transfer points have been estimated. Optimisation of the number of transfer points reduces the required capacity of each crushing and transfer plant of up to 10–20 million tons/year. Reducing the required capacity of transfer points
makes it possible to equip them with primary jaw crushers.

Key words: truck and conveyor transport, haulage level, crushing and transfer station

Vilkul, Y., V. Slobodyanyuk, I. Мaximov
OPTIMISATION OF LOCATION AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR THE CRUSHING AND TRANSFER STATIONS IN THE DEEP OPEN PIT MINES
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594986
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171922

References

1. Drizhenko А.Yu., Kozenko G.V., Rykus А.А. 2009. Otkrytaya razrabotka zheleznykh rud Ukrainy: sostoyanie i puti sovershenstvovaniya. Poltavskiy Literator, Poltavа (in Russian).

2. Maplesoft (2015). Simulating a transfer station, Bulk Solids Handling, 35(6), 32-33.

3. Novozhilov M.G. 1972. Tekhnologiya otkrytoj razrabotki mestorozhdenij poleznykh iskopaemykh. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian).

4. Slepian V.Y., 1996. Crushing and reloading unit, Ukrainian Intellectual Property Institute (Ukrpatent), Patent No 18278, Patented on December 25, 1997.

5. Slobodyanyuk V., Maksimov I., Slobodyanyuk R., 2018. Influence of the arrangement and performance of shovels on the optimum position for run-of-mine stock location, Journal of mining and geological sciences, 61(ІI), 28-32.

6. Surface Mining. 1990. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado.

7. Vilkul Y., Slobodianiuk V., Aralkin A., 2004. Opening method for open-pit mining of mineral deposits, Ukrainian Intellectual Property Institute (Ukrpatent), Patent No 7187, Patented on June 15, 2005.

8. Vilkul Y., Slobodyanyuk V., Maximov I., 2009. Issledovanie tekhnologicheskikh skhem ciklichno-potochnoj tekhnologii s neskol’kimi peregruzochnymi punktami, Visnyk Kryvorizkoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, 20, 282-285 (in Russian).

9. Vilkul Y., Slobodyanyuk V., Maximov I., 2011. Optimizaciya kolichestva koncentracionnykh gorizontov pri ispol’zovanii avtomobil’no-konvejernogo transporta, Razrabotka rudnykh mestorozhdenij, 94, 59-63 (in Russian).

10. Yakovlev V.L. 1989. Teoriya i praktika vybora transporta glubokikh kar’erov. Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

Svetlin Toshev, Alexandre Loukanov, Saim Emin, Seiichiro Nakabayashi

ABSTRACT. The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is an important secondary source for renewable extraction of valuable metals and raw materials.
The mineral biotechnologies are promising alternative to the current industrial chemical technologies for waste treatment, which are often accompanied with negative environmental impact. Here we report a systematic biotechnological strategy for recycling, recovering and extraction of metals from WEEE as biogenic formed nanoparticles. The process is based on two general steps – bioleaching (through autotrophic/heterotrophic bacteria), and extraction from the effluent as biosynthesised nanoscale materials. The obtained analytical data revealed that copper was bioleached in the form of nanoparticles, the efficiency being more than 90 %, which was the highest achieved value in comparison with the other metals. The recovered content of gold was less than 50 %, but the efforts for improvement of microbial leaching efficiency of Au are still in progress. The reported eco–friendly biotechnological approach enables proper implementation of new resource recovery–oriented recycling strategies with reduced risk of negative impact on nature.

Key words: biotechnological recycling, secondary raw materials, nanoparticles

Toshev, S., A. Loukanov, S. Emin, S. Nakabayashi
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RECYCLING AND RECOVERY OF METALS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS THROUGH BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171921

References

1. Ahmad A., Mukherjee P., Mandal D., Senapati S., Khan M. I., Kumar R., Sastry M., 2002. Enzyme mediated extracellular synthesis of CdS nanoparticles by the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 12108-12109, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja027296o 

2. Baldé C. P., Wang F., Kuehr R., Huisman J., 2015. The Global e-Waste Monitor –2014. Bonn, Germany.

3. Bas A. D., Deveci H., Yazici E.Y., 2013. Bioleaching of copper from low grade scrap TV circuit boards using mesophilic bacteria, Hydrometallurgy 138, 65–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.015

4. Brandl H., Bosshard, R. Wegmann M., 2001. Computer-munching microbes: metal leaching from electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi, Hydrometallurgy, 59, 319–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00188-2

5. Cui J., Forssberg E., 2007. Characterisation of shredded television scrap and implications for materials recovery, Waste Manage, 27, 415–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.02.003 

6. De Yoreo J. J., Vekilov P.G., 2003. Principles of crystal nucleation and growth, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 54, 57-93, https://doi.org/10.2113/0540057

7. Ghosh B., Ghosh M. K., Parhi P., Mukherjee P. S., Mishra B. K., 2015. Waste printed circuit boards recycling: an extensive assessment of current status, J. Clean. Prod., 94, 5–19,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.024

8. Hohmann C., Winkler E., Morin G., Kappler A., 2010. Anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidising bacteria show as resistance and immobilise as during Fe(III) mineral precipitation., Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 94-101, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900708s 

9. Ilyas S., Lee J., 2014. Biometallurgical recovery of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment: a review, Chem Bio Eng Rev., 1, 148–169, https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400001 

10. Işıldar A., van Hullebusch E. D., Lenz M., Laing G. D., Marra A., Cesaro A., Panda S., Akcil A., Kucuker M. A., Kuchta K. 2019. Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) – A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 362, 467–481.

11. Isildar A., van de Vossenberg J., Rene E. R., van Hullebusch E. D., Lens P. N. L., 2016. Two-step bioleaching of copper and gold from discarded printed circuit boards (PCB), Waste Management, 57, 149-157.

12. Loukanov A., Kamasawa N., Danev R., Shigemoto R., Nagayama K. 2010. Immunolocalization of multiple membrane proteins on a carbon replica with STEM and EDX, Ultramicroscopy, 110(4), 366–374, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.01.016

13. Morin D., Lips A., Pinches T., Huisman J., Frias C., Norberg A., Forssberg E., 2006. BioMinE – integrated project for the development of biotechnology for metal-bearing materials in Europe., Hydrometallurgy, 83, 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.047 

14. Nancharaiah,Y. V., Venkata Mohan S., Lens P. N. L., 2005. Metals removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: A review, Bioresour. Technol.,195, 102–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.058 

15. Natarajan G., Ting Y.-P., 2014. Pretreatment of e-waste and mutation of alkalitolerant cyanogenic bacteria promote gold biorecovery, Bioresour. Technol., 152, 80–85, DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.108

16. Singh P., Kim Y. J., Zhang D., Yang D. C., 2016. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms, Trends Biotechnol., 34, 588-599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.006 

17. Sneha K., Sathishkumar M., Mao J., Kwak I.S., Yun Y.S., 2010. Corynebacterium glutamicum-mediated crystallization of silver ions through sorption and reduction processes, Chem. Eng. J., 162, 989-996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.006 

18. Xiang Y., Wu P., Zhu N., Zhang T., Liu W., 2010. Bioleaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards by bacterial consortium enriched from acid mine drainage, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 812–818, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.113 

19. Yamane L. H., de Moraes V. T., Espinosa D. C. R., Tenório J.A.S., 2011. Recycling of WEEE: characterisation of spent printed circuit boards from mobile phones and computers, Waste Manage., 31, 2553–2558

Nadezhda Stoycheva, Petar Shishkov

ABSTRACT. Studies of foreign experience in the extraction of magmatic rocks for decorative and cladding purposes show a continuing trend for the use of high–speed explosives in the primary separation of the rock block from the massif. The belief that this is the cheapest way for primary extraction against the background of the prices for cutting of hard and highly abrasive rocks with diamond–rope, chain– and disk–stone cutters, makes quarry owners to put up with the losses from unwanted cracking of high–quality material. The authors undertook a series of experiments on samples of magma rock with hardness f = 16 according to Protodyakonov. The advantages and disadvantages of an alternative non–explosive technology for stone splitting with bulk–expanding mixtures were analysed. The results were compared with those using detonating cord charges to detach rock blocks with the same characteristics.

Key words: non–explosive stone splitting, bulk–expanding mixtures, smooth blasting, ornamental stone extrac

Stoycheva, N., P. Shishkov
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNIQUES FOR DETACHMENT OF NATURAL STONE BLOCKS FROM THE MASSIF WITH FLEXIBLE HIGH-EXPLOSIVE CHARGES AND BULK-EXPANDING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594833
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171920

References

1. Abdollahisharif J., Bakhtavar E., 2009. An intelligent algorithm of minimum cutting plane to find optimal size of extractable-blocks in dimension stone quarries, Archives of Mining Sciences, 54 (4), 641-656. 

2. Bakhtavar E., Abdollahisharif J., Lotfi E., Oraee K., Assessment of parameters influencing the extraction method selection for the dimension stone quarries, Proceedings of SME Annual Meeting: Mine to Market, Now it’s Global, Feb. 19-22, 2012, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration. Seattle, WA, 244-248. 

3. Belin V. A., Mollova Z. G., 2021. Influence of the type of donor charges on the detonation rate of low-sensitivity explosives, Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories, 1 (47), 112-119.

4. Cardu M., Patrucco M., Lovera E., Michelotti E., Quarrying by explosive and diamond wire in hard dimension stones, Proceedings of the European Federation of Explosives Engineers, Brighton Conference 2005, 409 – 414. 

5. Dino G. A., Cavallo A., 2014. Ornamental stones of the Verbano Cusio Ossola quarry district: Characterization of materials, quarrying techniques and history and relevance to local and national heritage, in: Global Heritage Stone: Towards International Recognition of Building and Ornamental Stones,  Geological Society of London Special Publication SP 407 (1).

6. Koprev I. 2012. Otkrit dobiv na skalni blokove, Avangard Prima, (in Bulgarian).    

7. Koprev I. 2016. Tehnologiya na dobiva na skalno-oblitsovachni materiali, Avangard Prima, (in Bulgarian). 

8. Mollova Z., Penev V., 2020. Control of blast-induced seismic action generated by technological blastings, Sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials journal, 1, 64-67, DOI: 10.58903/a14161831 

9. Mollova Z., 2019a. Blast load analysis and effect on building structures, Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 2, 70-75.

10. Mollova Z., 2019b. New insights into the impact of blast wave on the human body, Journal of Mining and Geological Sciences, 2, 75-81.   

11. Muhammad A., 2012. M.Sc. Thesis, Extraction of marble block using cracking powder. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar.

12. Penev V., Mollova Z, 2020. Design optimization of drilling and blasting operations: А case study on copper ore mining in Asarel, Journal of mining and geological sciences, 63, 84-89. 

13. Singh S. P., 2005. Blast Control Damage in Jointed Rock Mass. International Journal of Fragblast, 9 (3), 175- 183, https://doi.org/10.1080/13855140500293280 

14. Stoycheva N., 2019. M.Sc. Thesis, Analiz na metodite zan dobiv na skalno-oblitsovachni materiali i predlozhenie za vnedryavane na novo pokolenie nedetonirashti eksplozivi University of mining and geology, Sofia, (in Bulgarian).

15. Zhang J. C., Chang C., On damage mechanism of micro crack zone in rock blasting and its measurements, Proceedings of 6^th Int. Symp. Rock fragmentation by blasting, FRADBLAST-6, August 8-10, 1999, The South African Inst. of Mining and Metall., Johannesburg, 358 -368

Nikolay Stoyanov, Stefan Dimovski

ABSTRACT. One of the many environmental problems resulting from electricity generation in thermal power plants is the release of large amounts of solid wastes (coal combustion products). In the absence of effective eco–friendly disposal practices, this waste is accumulated in the form of coal ash embankments or in the excavated parts of the open–cast mines. The so constituted big landfills and surface impoundments emit leachate emissions containing a wide range of conventional pollutants among which, by definition, sulphate ions (SO4) dominate. Using the computer program VS2DI, a numerical model is developed of the conditions for mass transport of pollutants (using the example of SO4) from the designed new embankments for deposition of non–hazardous industrial solid waste from TPP in the area of the internal embankments of Troyanovo–North open–cast mine, part of the Maritsa East Coal Mining Complex. The scheme of convective–diffusion mass transport is employed, taking into account reversible elimination (sorption–desorption), mechanical dispersion and mixing. On the basis of the developed model, a long–term prognosis (100 years) is made for the extent and the degree of subsurface contamination from the new embankments. Based on the model solutions, the retention capacity of the geological foundation and the risk of groundwater pollution are assessed.

Keywords: ecology, mass transport models, groundwater and soil contamination, landfills for solid waste from TPP, Maritsa East Coal Mining Complex

Stoyanov N., S. Dimovski
PROGNOSTIC MODEL OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY NEW EMBANKMENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF MARITSA EAST COAL MINING COMPLEX – CENTRAL SOUTHERN BULGARIA
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594857
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171919

References

1. Adams, E., L. Gelhar. 1992. Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer. 2. Spatial moments analysis. –  Water Resour. Res., 28 (12), 3293-3307, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01757 

2. Bear, J. 1979. Hydraulics of groundwater. New York, McGraw-Hill, 569 p.

3. BP statistical review of world energy. 2019. 68th edition. 64 р. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf 

4. Bredenkamp, D. 1990. Quantitative estimation of groundwater recharge by means of a simple rainfall-recharge relationship. – In: Groundwater recharge. IAH Memoir, Vol 8. (Eds. Lerner, D., A. Issar, I. Simmers). Heise, 247−256.

5. Brooks, R., A. Corey. 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. – In: Hydrology Papers 3, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, 27 p.

6. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2012. Groundwater Quality Signatures for Assessing Potential Impacts from Coal Combustion Product Leachate. – Technical Report 1017923, 162 p.

7. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2015. Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for the Coal Combustion Residuals Rule. – Technical Report 3002006287, 172 p.

8. Haverkamp, R., M. Vauclin, J. Tovina, P. Wierenga, G. Vachaud. 1977. A comparison of numerical simulation models for one-dimensional infiltration. – Soil Science Society of America Journal, 41 (2), 285-294, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020024x

9. Healy, R. W. 1990. Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey’s computer program VS2D. – USGS Numb. Ser., Water-Resour. Inv. Rep. 90-4025, Colorado, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904025

10. Hensel, B. 2016. Groundwater Monitoring and Data Analysis under the Coal Combustion Residuals Rule. – Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, 9, 37-41, https://doi.org/10.4177/1946-0198.9.2.37.1.

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13. Nikolova, M., G. Gerganov, G. Sirashki, H. Sirashki, V. Ivanov. 2010. Vlianie na energiinia kompleks “Maritsa Istok” varhu proizvodstvoto na ekologichna zemedelska produktsia – Scientific Research Almanac, 13, 419-471 (in Bulgarian with English abstract)

14. Petrov, P. 2019. Oharakterizizrane na otpadatsite ot TETs “Sviloza” i tiahnoto ekologosaobrazno sahranenie i opolzotvoriavane. Avangard Prima, Sofia, 139 p. (in Bulgarian)

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Serhii Joukov, Serhii Lutsenko, Yulian Hryhoriev, Ehor Shvets, Siarhei Onika, Ekaterina Babiy

ABSTRACT. Purpose. The state of open–pit mining, formed at Ukrainian enterprises, as well as the state of the mineral raw materials market require the search for new, more economically feasible approaches to open mining operations. Such a solution is the widespread use of cyclical–streaming technology. The aim of the paper is to research the interconnection between the main technological parameters of cyclical–streaming technology. Scientific novelty. In the paper relationships are established and the rational values of the parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology are determined, which
contributes to improving the economic indicators of deposit development. Practical significance. The mathematical modelling of the main parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology is fulfilled. The obtained results of studies of the main parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology can be used by project organisations and mining enterprises in the design. Research results. The comparison of optimal indicators of operation of the excavator–automobile complex and cyclical–streaming technology is performed, as a result
of which the economic expediency of the latter was confirmed. It has been established that increasing the carrying capacity of more than 136 tons at the current level of development of machinery and technology in iron ore open–pits in most cases is not appropriate. At the same time, the influence of the efficiency of the excavator unit on the performance of the cyclical–streaming technology in general was investigated. As a result, it was established that the best technical and economic indicators will be reached using the EKG–10 excavator. In this case, the geometric capacity of the dump truck body must correspond to the capacity of the bucket, and the load capacity is up to 130 tons. Thus, the study confirms the technological parameters of the cyclical–streaming technology that have been developed in the open–pits of the mining and processing plants of Kryvbas region.

Key words: the cyclical–streaming technology, excavator–automobile complex, equipment performance.

Joukov, S., S.Lutsenko, Y. Hryhoriev, E. Shvets, S. Onika, E. Babiy
OPTIMISATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF CYCLICAL-STREAMING TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF KRYVBAS IRON ORE DEPOSITS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594924
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171918

References

1. Chetverik M.S., Medvedeva O.A., 2010. Perspektivy primeneniya krutonaklonnykh konveyyerov pri tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii na kar’yerakh Krivbassa, Geotekhnicheskaya mekhanika, 89, 197-203 (in Russian).

2. Chetverik M.S. 2012. Tsiklichno-potochnaya tekhnologiya na glubokikh kar’yerakh. Perspektivy razvitiya. Dionis, Krivoy Rog (in Russian).

3. Chetverik M.S., Bulat A.F., Babiy Y.V., Vilkul Y.G., 2014. Perspektivy primeneniya krutonaklonnykh konveyyerov pri tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii v usloviyakh glubokikh kar’yerov Krivbassa, Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost’, 6, 73-78 (in Russian).

4. Bass K.M., Krivda V.V. 2017. Analiz issledovaniy po obosnovaniyu parametrov sistem razrabotki glubokikh gorizontov kar’yerov pri primenenii avtomobil’nogo transporta, Contemporary Innovation Technique of the Engineering Personnel Training for the Mining and Transport Industry, 217, 103-112, (in Russian).

5. Yakovlev V.L., 2003. Perspektivnyye resheniya v oblasti tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii glubokikh kar’yerov, Gornyy zhurnal, 5, 4-11, (in Russian).

6. Rakishev B. R. 2012. Tsiklichno-potochnyye tekhnologii na kar’yerakh Kazakhstana, Vestnik KazNTU, 1, 14-20, (in Russian).

7. Trubetskoy K. N., Zharikov I.F., Shenderov A.I., 2015. Sovershenstvovaniye konstruktsii kar’yernykh kompleksov  TSPT. Gornyy zhurnal, 1, 21–24, (in Russian).

8. Karmayev G. D., Glebov A.V., 2012. Vybor gorno-transportnogo oborudovaniya tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii kar’yerov. IGD UrO RAN, Yekaterinburg, (in Russian).

9. Reshetnyak S. P., 2015. Sovremennyye tendentsii v proyektirovanii tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii na kar’yerakh, GIAB, 56, 126-133.

10. Shemetov P.A., 2007. Transportirovaniye gornoy massy mezhustupnym krutonaklonnym peregruzhatelem, Gornyy zhurnal, 5, 46-47, (in Russian).

11. Kucherskiy N.I., Malygin O.N., 2005. Effektivnost’ proyektiruyemogo kompleksa TSPT-ruda s krutonaklonnym konveyyerom dlya kar’yera «Muruntau», Gornyy zhurnal, 11, 59-62, (in Russian).

12. Suprun V. I., Pastikhin D.V., Radchenko S.A., Perelygin V.V. 2014, Problemy i perspektivy ispol’zovaniya tsiklichno-potochnoy tekhnologii dlya otrabotki krupnykh ugol’nykh i rudnykh mestorozhdeniy, GIAB, 1, 332-346 (in Russian).

Vesela Petrova

ABSTRACT. Climate changes and environmental degradation are a threat to the existence of Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges, at the end of 2019, the European Commission outlined as a main political line the proposal for the European Green Deal. In most of its aspects, this document is a benchmark for a new mindset that aims to turn the EU in a fair and prosperous society with a modern, resource–efficient and competitive economy in which there will be no net greenhouse emissions in 2050 and the economic growth will not depend on the use of resources. This publication reflects the path from the emergence of the idea of the European Green Deal to the policies pursued today. The academic papers developed in the field are analysed, as well as the prerequisites and challenges that lead to its implementation. An attempt has been made to answer questions related to the main goals of the Green Deal and how these aims correspond to the raw material industry which will be the industry with the most significant consequences in the next decade.

Key words: European Green Deal, raw material industry

Petrova, V.
THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RAW MATERIAL INDUSTRY
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594978
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171917

References

1. Brodny, J., M. Tutak. (2020). The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyse Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union. Energies, 13(8), 1925, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081925

2. Claeys, G. S. T. Tagliapietra, G. Zachmann (2019). How to make the European Green Deal work Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue n 14.

3. CORDIS. (2021, Jan 17). Sustainable innovative solutions for mineral exploration. Retrieved from cordis.europa.EU: https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/413488-metal-and-minerals-exploration

4. Eurostat. (2021, Jan 18). Archive:Energy from renewable sources. Retrieved from ec.europa. EU: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_from_renewable_sources

5. Hund, K., D. Porta, T. Fabregas, T. Laing, J. Drexhage (2020) Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition, World Bank Report.

6. Interreg Europe, 2021, https://www.interregeurope.eu/news-and-events/news/11056/green-transition-under-the-errf/?no_cache=1&cHash=a07829c25057a69c27b0c11cf6244b0d

7. Jones, B. (2021, Jan 18). Opportunities and challenges of renewable power for miners. Retrieved from Crugroup.com: https://www.crugroup.com/knowledge-and-insights/spotlights/2019/opportunities-and-challenges-of-renewable-power-for-miners/

8. National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2021 https://nextgeneration.bg/14

9. Siddi, M. (2020). The European Green Deal: Assessing its current state and future implementation. Finnish Institute of International Affairs.

10. Sikora, A. European Green Deal – legal and financial challenges of the climate change. ERA Forum 21, 681–697 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00637-3

11. European commission, 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420

12. European Commission, 2021 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en

13. https://renewablesnow.com/news/renewables-bring-72-of-new-global-power-capacity-in-2019-693872/

Lyubomir S. Ilchev, Nadezhda G. Davcheva–Ilcheva

ABSTRACT: Sustainable development helps the transition of industrial enterprises from “open” to “closed” type of economy, solving their contradictions with the environment and the biosphere. Therefore, the future belongs to those industrial plants that will comply with and put into practice the concept of sustainable development. The authors propose a conditional structural and functional schemes for mining, beneficiation and metallurgical enterprises in accordance with the requirements of the main UN and EU documents for sustainable development. Management, as a major production factor, together with one of its main tools – feedback, have the task to change the ongoing processes to this desired goal. A network of industrial indicators accounting for the effectiveness of systems management and the progress made is also pointed out.

Key words: sustainable development, structure, organisation, functioning, management toolkit.

Ilchev, L., N. Davcheva-Ilcheva
SUSTAINABLY DEVELOPING MINING, BENEFICIATION AND METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES ACCORDING TO UN AND EU REQUIREMENTS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594823
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171916

References:

1. Brundtland 1987. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oslo.

2. Davcheva-Ilcheva N., Ilchev L.  2005. Ecology. Sustainable development. Environment. EAST-WEST publishing house, Sofia (in Bulgarian)

3. Eurostat 2010. Measuring Sustainability – Sustainable Development Indicators, Indicators for Decision Making, Policy Performance Indices – a challenge to the GDP.

4. Ilchev L.  2018. Managing Sustainable Development of the Copper Life Cycle in the Republic of Bulgaria, (Dissertation) University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sofia.

5. Perloff J. M., van`t Veld K. T. 1994. Modern Industrial Organization, Second edition, Harper Collins.

6. Kenneth D. G., Joll C., Lynk E. L. 1992. Industrial Organization- Competition, Growth and Structural Change, Fourth edition, Rout ledge.

7. Aspola L. 2008. Sustainability Indicators in Copper Smelting Processes, M.Sc. Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology.

8. Ilchev L., Davcheva-Ilcheva N., 2015. Indicators Describing Pressures on Environment from Industry, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2 (6), 635-640.

Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Maria–Filipa Ivanova, Irena Spasova, Stoyan Groudev

ABSTRACT. The study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for adsorption and elution of iron from acid mine drainage by ion–exchange resin LEWATIT MonoPlus TP 207 under a batch regime of operation. Langmuir’s sorption equation was employed to analyse the equilibrium data from the experiments. The data fitting demonstrated that the process obeyed pseudo–second–order kinetics with a linear regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. Because of the higher demand for hydrochloric solution (100 g/ L) for the ferric iron elution, we studied the effect of the preliminary stage of galvanic elution of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the presence of H2. In that way, a slightly acidic solution (30 g/ L) was sufficient to desorb more than 95 % of iron from ion exchange resin LEWATIT MonoPlus TP 207 at a temperature of 70 °C.

Keywords: iron, LEWATIT, sorption, reductive elution

Georgiev, P., M. Nicolova, M. Ivanova, I. Spasova, S. Groudev
STUDIES ON THE FERRIC IRON SORPTION FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON LEWATIT RESIN AS A STEP FOR METAL CONVERSION TO A VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594863
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171915

References

1. APHA. 1995. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

2. Agrawal A., Kumari S., Sahu K. K., 2011. Studies on solvent extraction of iron (III) as a step for conversion of a waste effluent to a value added product, Journal of Environmental Management 92, 3105 -3111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.026 

3. Ashiq A., Kulkarni J., Vithanage M., 2019. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from e-waste. In: Electronic Waste Management and Treatment Technology (Ed. By M. Narashimha and M. Vithanage), Elsevier, 225-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816190-6.00010-8

4. Azizorghaben A., Rashchi F., Babakhani A., 2016. Stoichiometry and structural studies of Fe(III)and Zn (II) solvent extraction using D2EHPA/ TBP,. Separation and Purification Technology, 171, 197 – 205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.037

5. Botelho Junior A. B., Vicente A. de A., Espinosa D.C.R., Tenorio, J.A.S., 2019. Recovery of metals by ion exchange processes using chelating resin and sodium dithionite, Journal Matters Research Technology, 8, 4464 – 4469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.07.059

6. Davenport W. G., King M., Schlesinger M., Biswas A. K., 2002. Extractive metallurgy of copper. 4^th edition, Pergamon Press, pp. 11-14.

7. Demopoulos G. P., Gefvert, D. L., 1984. Iron (III) removal from base metals electrolyte solutions by solvent extraction, Hydrometallurgy, 12, 299–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(84)90003-3

8. Dev S., Sachan A., Dehghani F., Ghosh T., Briggs B., Aggarwal S., 2020. Mechanisms of biological recovery of rare-earth elements from industrial and electronic wastes: a review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 397, 124596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124596 

9. Fatima N., Zhang Q., Chen R., Yan D., Zhou Q., Lu X., Xin Y., 2020. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of resin for metal impurities in Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, Polymers, 12, 2866 – 2878, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122866

10. Georgiev P., Nicolova M., Spasova I., Groudev S.., 2018. Bioleaching of valuable components from pyrometallurgical copper slags. Paper presented at 16^th International Mineral Processing Symposium, October, Antalya, Turkey.

11. Georgiev P., Ivanova M.-F., Nicolova M., Spasova I., Groudev S., 2020. Review of the iron recovery processes from laden leach liquors in hydrometallurgy, Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials Journal, 1, 37-42, DOI: 10.58903/a14161825

12. Groudev S., Georgiev P., Spasova I., Nicolova M., 2008. Bioremediation of acid mine drainage in a uranium deposit, Hydrometallurgy, 94, 93 – 99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.023

13. Ho Y.S., Ng J.C.Y., McKay G., 2000., Kinetics of pollutant sorption by biosorbents: Review, Separation and Purification Methods, 29, 189–232, https://doi.org/10.1081/SPM-100100009

14. Kulkarni S. A., Sawadh P. S., Palei P. K., Kokate K. K., 2014. Effect of synthesis route on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Ceramics International, 40, 1945 – 1949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.103

15. Lupi C., Pilone D., 2000. Reductive stripping in vacuum of Fe(III) from D2EHPA, Hydrometallurgy, 57, 201–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00112-2

16. Majima H., Izaki T., Sanuki S., 1985. Reductive stripping of Fe(III)-loaded D2EHPA with the aqueous solutions containing sulfur dioxide, Metall. Trans. B, 16, 187–194.

17. Millar G. J., Schot A., Coupethwaite S. J., Shilling A., Nuttall  K., de Bruyn M., 2015. Equilibrium and column studies of ion exchange with strong acid cation resin, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 373 – 385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.023

18. Nikoloski A. N., Ang K.-L., 2014. Review of the application of ion exchange resins for the recovery of platinum-group metals from hydrochloric acid solutions, Mineral Processing Extraction Metallurgy Review, 35, 369–389, https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2013.764875

19. Parhi P. K., Park K. H., Nam C. W., Park J. T., 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and separation of total rare earth metals from polymetallic nodule leaching solution, Journal of Rare Earths, 33, 207-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60404-X

20. Product Guide. 2021. Portfolio of Lewatit^® ion exchange resins and Bayoxide^® iron oxide adsorbers. LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, Cologne, Germany.

21. Riveros P. A., 2004. The extraction of Fe(III) using cationic carboxylic resins, Hydrometallurgy, 72, 272 – 290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00181-6 

22. Vuori K.-M., 1995. Direct and indirect effects of iron on river ecosystems, Ann. Zool. Fennici, 32, 317 – 329.

23. Watling H. R., 2006. The bioleaching of sulfide minerals with emphasis on copper sulfides – A Review, Hydrometallurgy, 84, 81-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001

24. Zhang, Y., Liu, Q, Li, L. 2016. Removal of iron from synthetic copper leach solution using a hydroxy-oxime chelating resin, Hydrometallurgy, 164, 154 – 158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.004

N. Duru

ABSTRACT. Although the effect of high oxygen pressure on gold recoveries at elevated slurry temperatures was previously investigated, the sole effect of the pressure at ambient temperatures on cyanide leaching with the presence of nearly enough oxygen for the cyanide reactions to occur has not been found to be studied. This research work was carried out with the objective of investigating the effect of pressure on the recovery of gold from an oxide gold ore and flotation tailing (Carbon in leach (CIL) feed) samples during cyanide leaching process at room temperature. Pressure cyanidation experiments were run in a batch autoclave under different air and nitrogen gas pressures, and pH conditions. Atmospheric bottle roll leach tests for 24 and 8 hours resulted in 90.5% and 66.4% gold recoveries, respectively, whereas 8 hours batch autoclave leach tests under 90 psi air pressure resulted in 88.8% gold recovery from oxide ore samples. Flotation tailing samples leached under atmospheric and under 90 psi air pressure for 8 hours resulted in 16.8% and 34.5% gold recoveries, respectively.

Key words: cyanide, pressure leach, gold

Duru, N. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON GOLD CYANIDE LEACHING
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594829
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171914

References

1. Barsky G., 1934. Dissolution of gold and silver in cyanide solution, AIME Trans., 112,. 673-677.

2. Elsner L., 1846. Über das verhalten verschiedener metale in einer wassrigen lössung von zyankalium, J. Prakt. Chem. 37, 441 – 446.

3. Habashi F. 1967. Kinetics and mechanism of gold and silver dissolution in cyanide solution, Bureu of Mines and Geology, Butte, Montana.

4. Ibach H. 2006. Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces, Springer, New York.

5. Park J. 1897. The cyanide process of gold extraction, Champtaloup and Cooper, Auckland.

6. Mott R. L. 2015. Applied fluid Mechanics, Pearson, Dayton.

7. Senanayake G., 2005. Kinetics and reaction mechanism of gold cyanidation: Surface reaction model via Au(I)-OH-CN, Hydrometallurgy, 80,  2 -15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.08.002

8. Smith A., Mudder T., 1991. The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanidation Wastes, Mining Journal Books Limited, London.

Kremena Arsova–Borisova, Veselin Hristov

ABSTRACT. The differences between shallow neural networks and deep neural networks are considered. Data from operational exploration of an open pit mine are used to train different types of deep neural networks to predict a useful indicator. The results of deep network training are compared both with each other and with previous results obtained from the training of shallow neural networks. The errors in training and testing of the models according to the number of layers and nodes in the networks are analysed.

Key words: deep neural networks, deep learning

Arsova-Borisova, K., V. Hristov
DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF A GEOLOGICAL INDICATOR DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594817
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171913

References

1. Han J., Kamber M., Pei J., 2011. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Third Edition – Elsevier Inc., USA.

2. Topalov St., Hristov V., Prognostication of Geological Parameters Value Using Neural Networks, Proceedings of International Society for Mine Surveying XIII International Congress, Budapest, Hungary, 24-28 September 2007, No 048. Elected from Institute of Mine Surveyors of South Africa Journal, XXXIV (2), 2010, 18 – 25.

3. Topalov St., Hristov V., Investigation of 3D copper grade changeability by Neural Networks in metasomatic ore deposit, Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conferences on: NEURAL NETWORKS (NN’08), May 2-4, 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, 58 – 62.

4. Hristov V., Topalov St., Influence of geological information density on the training quality of neural networks as forecast models, Proceedings of the 6th Jordanian International Mining Conference, 01 – 03 November, 2011, Amman. Jordan

5. Hristov V., Topalov St., Varianti na prognozirane s nevronni mrezhi pri podzemen dobiv na olovno – cinkova ruda, Proceedings of the Treta nacionalna nauchno – tehnicheska konferencija s mezhdunarodno uchastie „Tehnologii i praktiki pri podzemnija dobiv i minnoto stroitelstvo”, 8 – 11 October, 2012, Devin, Bulgaria, 26 – 31. (in Bulgarian)

6. Hristov V., 2015. Nevronni mrezhi pri analiz na danni ot minnata promishlenost, publishing house MGU “Sv. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, 108 p (in Bulgarian)

7. Hristov V., Topalov St., Tochnost na prognozirane na kachestven pokazatel s nevronni mrezhi obuslovena na krajnija kontur na raboten horizont, Proceedings of the XІII-th National Conference with International Participation of the Open and Underwater Mining of Minerals, 1 – 5 September 2015, Varna, Bulgaria, 221 – 226. (In Bulgarian)

Todor Angelov, Ivanka Valchanova

ABSTRACT. An initial test work was carried out to demonstrate that solution produced by autoclave acid leaching of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) from the steel production could be processed through solvent extraction (SX) to recover zinc. Solvent extraction is a process for purification of the leach solution that extracts mainly zinc from other metallic impurities. To assess zinc extraction different counter–current extraction and strip configurations were tested. Extractant Di–2–ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and Shellsol D100 as a diluent were used in this investigation. The main operational parameters and the results obtained in the test work are presented in this paper. Well over 90% of the zinc was extracted from the pregnant leach solution using multi–stage SX circuit configuration and pH adjustment. Details of circuit configurations, phase disengagement times and crud generation are also shown.

Key words: zinc, solvent extraction, circuit configuration

Angelov, T., I. Valchanova
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ZINC FROM ACIDIC LEACH SOLUTIONS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594932
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171912

References

1. Balesini Aghdam, A. A., Razavizadeh, H., Zakeri, A., 2011, Solvent extraction of zinc from acidic solution obtained from cold purification filter cake of Angouran mine concentrate using D2EHPA. Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering (8) 43-47.

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4. Cole P. M., Sole K. C., 2003. Zinc Solvent Extraction in the Process Industries, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metall,. (24), 91-137, https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500306897

5. Deep A., De Carvalho J., 2008. Review on the Recent Developments in the Solvent Extraction of Zinc, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 26, 375–404, https://doi.org/10.1080/07366290802179267

6. Kumar J. R., Kim J-S., Lee J-Y, Yoon H-S., 2011. A Brief Review on Solvent Extraction of Uranium from Acidic Solutions, Separation & Purification Reviews, 40 (2), 77-125, https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2010.549760

7. Liu W., Zhang J., Xu Z., Liang J., Zhu Z., 2021. Study on the extraction and separation of zinc, cobalt, and nickel using Ionquest 801, Cyanex 272 and their mixtures, Metals, 11, 401-403, https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030401

Vancho Adjiski, Zoran Panov, Risto Popovski, Radmila Karanakova Stefanovska

ABSTRACT. Rock quality designation (RQD) index, provides a general indication of rock mass quality and is widely used in many rock mass classification systems. From the literature review, it is concluded that the RQD methodology has several limitations and one of them is highlighted in this paper with the help of stochastic analysis with Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of this paper is to improve the results of the RQD index through volumetric joint count (Jv) from accessible surface areas or when drill cores are not available. In this paper, we introduce a low–cost photogrammetric method for rock slope reconstruction with scaled and oriented 3D point cloud, ideally suited for geomechanical analysis. As an outcome, the 3D point cloud is then used to detect the discontinuity sets and to, define their orientation, normal spacing and persistence. Results are then used to calculate the number of joints per m3, which is then used as input in the empirical correlation between the RQD index and the Jv. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is that it is completely based on open–source software.

Key words: RQD index, volumetric joint count, photogrammetry, discontinuity sets

Adjiski, V., Z. Panov, R. Popovski, R. Karanakova Stefanovska
APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR DETERMINATION OF VOLUMETRIC JOINT COUNT AS A MEASURE FOR IMPROVED ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD) INDEX
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594940
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171911

References

1. Adjiski V., Zubicek V., Despodov Z., 2019. Monte Carlo simulation of uncertain parameters to evaluate the evacuation process in an underground mine fire emergency, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 119(11), 907-917, https://dx.doi.org/ .17159/2411-9717/701/2019

2. Azimian A., 2016. A New Method for Improving the RQD Determination of Rock Core in Borehole, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 49, 1559-1566, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0789-8

3. Buyer A., Schubert W., 2017. Calculation the Spacing of Discontinuities from 3D Point Clouds, Procedia Engineering,  191, 270-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.proeng.2017.05.181

4. Chen Q., Yin T., Niu W., 2018. Replacing RQD and Discontinuity Spacing with the Modified Blockiness Index in the Rock Mass Rating System, Archives of Mining Sciences, 63, 353-382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/122452

5. Chen Q., Yin T., 2019. Should the Use of Rock Quality Designation Be Discontinued in the Rock Mass Rating System?, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 52, 1075-1094, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1607-x

6. Chen Q., Yin T., Jia H., 2019. Selection of Optimal Threshold of Generalised Rock Quality Designation Based on Modified Blockiness Index, Advances in Civil Engineering, 1-11, DOI:10.1155/2019/1340549

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9. Francioni M., Simone M., Stead D., Sciarra N., Mataloni G., Calamita F., 2019. A New Fast and Low-Cost Photogrammetry Method for the Engineering Characterization of Rock Slopes, Remote Sensing, 11(11):1267, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111267

10. García-Luna R., Senent S., Jurado-Piña R., Jimenez R., 2019. Structure from Motion photogrammetry to characterize underground rock masses: Experiences from two real tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Volume 83, 262-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tust.2018.09.026.

11. Hack R., An evaluation of slope stability classification, Dinis da Gama C, Ribeira e Sousa L (eds) Proceedings of ISRM EUROCK, 25–28 November 2002, Portugal, Madeira, Funchal, 3–32.

12. Haftani M., Chehreh H. A., Mehinrad A., 2016. Practical Investigations on Use of Weighted Joint Density to Decrease the Limitations of RQD Measurements, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49, 1551-1558, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0788-9

13. Harrison J. P., 1999. Selection of the threshold value in RQD assessments, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36(5), 673-685, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00035-2

14. Kim D.H.., Gratchev I., Poropat G.V., The determination of joint roughness coefficient using three-dimensional models for slope stability analysis, PM Dight (ed.), Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, 2013, Perth, 281-289, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1308_15_Kim

15. Macciotta R., Gräpel C., Skirrow R,, 2020. Fragmented Rockfall Volume Distribution from Photogrammetry-Based Structural Mapping and Discrete Fracture Networks, Applied Sciences, 10(19), 6977, https://doi.org/10.3390 /app10196977

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17. Palmstrom A., The volumetric joint count—a useful and simple measure of the degree of jointing, IVth Int. Congress IAEG, 1982, New Delhi, India, 221–228.

18. Palmstrom A., Application of the volumetric joint count as a measure of rock mass jointing, Proc. Int. Symp. on Fundamentals of Rock Joints, 15-20 September, 1985, Bjorkliden, 103–110.

19. Palmstrom A., 1995. RMi — a rock mass characterization system for rock engineering purposes, PhD thesis, University of Oslo- Norway, Department of Geology.

20. Palmstrom A., The weighted joint density method leads to improved characterization of jointing, International Conference on Recent Advances in Tunneling Technology, 1996, New Delhi, India.

21. Palmström A., 2001. Measurement and characterization of rock mass jointing, in: In-Situ Characterization of Rocks, A. A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, TOKIO.

22. Palmström A., 2005. Measurements of and Correlations between Block Size and Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Tunnels and Underground Space Technology, 20, 362-377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005

23. Papathanassiou G., Riquelme A., Tzevelekis T., Evaggelou E., 2020. Rock Mass Characterization of Karstified Marbles and Evaluation of Rockfall Potential Based on Traditional and SfM-Based Methods; Case Study of Nestos, Greece, Geosciences 2020, 10, 389. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/geosciences10100389

24. Pells P. J., Bieniawski Z. T., Hencher S. R., 2017. Rock quality designation (RQD): time to rest in peace, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 54 (6), 825-834, DOI:10.1139/cgj-2016-0012

25. Riquelme A. J., Abellán A., Tomás R., Jaboyedoff M., 2014. A new approach for semi-automatic rock mass joints recognition from 3D point clouds, Computers & Geosciences, 68, 38-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.03.014

26. Vavro M., Soucek K., Stas L., Waclawik P., Vavro L., Konicek P., Ptacek J., 2015. Application of alternative methods for determination of rock quality designation (RQD) index: a case study from the Rozna I uranium mine, Strazek Moldanubicum, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52, 1466–1476, dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0377

Zaure Abdrakhmanova, Andrey Kan, Roman Yun, Sergey Yefimenko, Dmitry Makarov

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the process and methodological aspects of X–ray fluorescence online monitoring of ore silver grade at the underground mines and open pits operated by Kazakhmys Corporation LLC. The analysis was complicated by the requirement to: a) ensure reliable silver grade determination of the ore, starting at 1+ ppm; b) sample mine faces in vertical sections to a height of up to 7 m. For geophysical online monitoring of the ore material in the walls of mine workings and in the broken rock mass, a portable energy–dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectrometer RPP–12T (Aspap Geo LLC, Alma–Ata) was developed, assembled, and comprehensively tested. The results of investigations carried out using the RPP–12T spectrometer are discussed. The data collected during the investigations made it possible to implement online ore silver grade monitoring in the underground mines and open pits operated by Kazakhmys Corporation LLC.

Key words: X–ray fluorescence method, energy–dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectrometer RPP–12T, online ore grade monitoring

Abdrakhmanova, Z., A. Kan, R. Yun, S. Yefimenko, D. Makarov
ONLINE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SCREENING OF ORE FOR SILVER AT THE MINES OPERATED BY KAZAKHMYS CORPORATION LLC
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5594992
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58903/b15171910

References

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