PROPHYLACTIC APPROACH TO SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN LINKAGE WITH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Alexander Brodt
Eco-Safe Mining Corp., 510 Reeves Drive, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
Corresponding author: alexander.brodt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Existing technologies for developing ore deposits lead to irrational energy costs for delivering empty rock as part of the ore to the surface, while the content of the target component in the extracted raw material can be hundredths of a percent, not to mention the environmental damage from placing dump waste in the open air. A process of underground processing of rock mass is proposed, based on grinding of ore in an artificial liquid with intermediate density between the target and waste components. Herewith ballast minerals are automatically freed from intergrowths with valuable components by floating up during milling. This prevents the irrational expenditure of most of the energy on unjustified grinding of the main constituent of ore. As a result of the proposed treatment, when mining ores of most metals, the weight of the rock mass brought to the surface decreases by 7…10 times, whereas when mining gold, this reduction can reach hundred-fold. Thus, the reduction of the volume of cargo lifted onto the earth’s surface is the second factor in reducing energy costs in mining.
Key words: interaction of the mining industry with the environment, methods of ore-dressing, underground conditions.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920560 

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MULTIBODY SIMULATION OF A JAW CRUSHER
Peter Eitz, Thomas Zinke, Holger Lieberwirth
Institute for Mineral Processing Machines and Recycling Systems Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Lampadiusstraße 4, Freiberg, Germany;
E-mail: Peter.Eitz@iart.tu-freiberg.de
Corresponding author: Peter.Eitz@iart.tu-freiberg.de

ABSTRACT. A jaw crusher is one of the most important machines in the field of hard material crushing and is used in the processing industry. This paper presents the possibility of modelling a real jaw crusher as a virtual model. The objective is to test a machine without time-consuming and costly experiments using real prototypes. Instead, simulations with a virtual prototype can predict the machine’s behaviour. A multi-body simulation is particularly suitable for simulating machines with moving components. The method of multibody simulation is analysed in relation to the development process and operation of a pendulum jaw crusher. With the model depicted in the simulation environment, studies on the design of a jaw crusher are conducted. The results are compared with values from empirical and analytical calculations. It is possible to analyse the kinematics and forces at any point on the crusher with the created model. Selected scenarios, such as the retraction mechanism and the stroke, were analysed.
Key words: jaw crusher, multibody simulation, digitalisation

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920661

References

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BIOLOGICAL LEACHING OF NON-FERROUS METALS FROM COPPER SLAG USING A STRAIN OF SILICATE-SOLUBILISING BACTERIA
Plamen Georgiev, Marina Nicolova, Irena Spasova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg Corresponding author: ps_georgiev@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. This study aims at the recovery of non-ferrous metals from pyrometallurgy copper slag enriched in diopside, fayalite, and protomangano-ferro-anthophyllite and containing 0.36 % copper, 1.93 % zinc, and 0.09 % cobalt by bioleaching with silicate-solubilising strain Bacillus megaterium CCM 3360. Two techniques of bioleaching were applied: (i) direct one-step bioleaching, where the bacterial strain was cultivated in an Ashby medium and the presence of copper slag; (ii) indirect bioleaching of copper slag with spent medium obtained after separation of the bacterial cells. The results revealed that 5 % pulp density was the optimal out of the tested pulp densities (5-10%), as 15 days was the optimal duration for the direct bioleaching and 3 days for the indirect technique. The formation of biofilm on the surface of copper slag particles was the primary mechanism of the leaching of non-ferrous metals, and their recovery was between 41.7-48.7%. Indirect leaching with bacterial metabolites played a secondary role in base metals leaching.
Keywords: copper slag, Bacillus, bioleaching, silicate bacteria

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920762

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 INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF WAELZ SLAG
Angel Iliev1, Nikolai Gogov1, Daniela Grigorova1, Gyunver Hodjaoglu2
1 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridsky blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: d.dimitrova@uctm.edu
2 Institute of Physical Chemistry “Acad. R. Kaischew”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., block 11, 1113 Sofia; E-mail: gyunver@ipc.bas.bg
Corresponding author: d.dimitrova@uctm.edu

ABSTRACT. Waelz slag is a by-product generated during the high-temperature treatment of various zinc containing metallurgical residues in rotary kilns, most commonly through the Waelz process. This study focuses on the comprehensive characterisation of three types of Waelz slag (WS), each generated as a by-product of zinc extraction from a distinct processing route employing different charge materials: electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), zinc cakes from hydrometallurgical leaching, and lead smelting slags treated pyrometallurgically. The aim was to assess their potential for sustainable utilisation. The analyses included chemical composition, particle size distribution, phase identification through X-ray diffraction (XRD), and morphological assessment via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Magnetic separation and density measurements were also performed to evaluate the material’s processability. The results revealed significant variations in elemental composition, grain size distribution, porosity, and magnetic behaviour among the samples. High iron and calcium contents suggest potential applications in metallurgy and cement production, while elevated porosity and silicate content support possible use in construction materials. These investigations provide a foundation for the development of targeted recycling strategies in line with circular economy principles, reducing the need for landfill disposal and enabling the valorisation of industrial by-products.
Key words: Waelz slag; clinker, electric arc furnace dust; iron, structure.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920863

References 

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Barella, M., Pagnanelli, F. & Toro, L. (2014). Laboratory investigation of Waelz slag stabilization. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.06.015
Cifrian, E., Coronado, M. & Quijorna, N. (2019). Waelz slag-based construction ceramics: Effect of the trial scale on technological and environmental properties. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21, 1437–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00896-4
Durastanti, C. & Moretti, L. (2024). Assessing the climate effects of clinker production: A statistical analysis to reduce its environmental impacts. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 13, Article 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100204
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Kozlov, P.A. (2002). The Waelz Process. Moscow: Ruda i Metally Publishing House. (In Russian)
Kuandykova, A., Taimasov, B., Potapova, E., Sarsenbaev, B., Kolesnikov, A., Begentayev, M., Kuldeyev, E., Dauletiyarov, M., Zhanikulov, N., Amiraliyev, B. & Abdullin, A. (2024). Production of composite cement clinker based on industrial waste. Journal of Composites Science, 8(7), Article 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070257
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INTEGRATION OF SMFC-BASED BIOSENSOR IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR REAL TIME MONITORING AND BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED WATERS
Rosen Ivanov, Petia Genova, Katerina Nikolova, Anatoliy Angelov
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia; E-mail: r.ivanov@mgu.bg Corresponding author: r.ivanov@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. Water contaminated with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Their timely detection and removal are of key importance for human health and ecosystems. The possibility of simultaneous real-time monitoring and bioremediation of waters contaminated with heavy metals has been established. Constructed wetlands with integrated sediment microbial fuel cells have been proposed for this purpose. Water contaminated with heavy metals – copper, chromium, nickel and zinc – was examined using them. All studied water samples showed a sudden voltage peak (in the range from 150 to 200 mV) when the contaminant entered the cell and a gradual decrease in voltage corresponding to the decreasing of the contaminant’s concentration. Chromium ions were removed the fastest – for 28 hours. The soil played the role of a protective layer for the electroactive microorganisms in the anode area, adsorbing the heavy metals in its upper layer and ensuring the efficient operation of the system. The studies showed an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the surface soil layer between 5 and 35 mg/kg.
Key words: constructed wetlands, sediment microbial fuel cells, real time monitoring, heavy metals

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18920964

References

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Corbella, C., Hartl, M., Fernandez-gatell, M. & Puigagut, J. (2019). MFC-based biosensor for domestic wastewater COD assessment in constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 660, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.347
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OPTIMISATION AND KINETIC STUDIES ON SILVER LEACHING FROM WASTE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS IN SELECTED GREEN SOLVENTS
Abubakar Osafo Kantanka, Benetta Koomson, Emmanuel Mensah Azogba
Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; E-mail: mateng@gmail.com
Corresponding author: abubakarosafo11@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Organic acids are being explored as biodegradable lixiviants for extracting valuable metals from various sources with a lower environmental footprint. However, studies on using organic acids for silver extraction from waste printed circuit boards ( remain limited, particularly regarding process parameters and leaching kinetics. This study employed response surface methodology ( with central composite design ( to optimise acetic and citric acids for silver leaching from WPCBs. Key parameters included are temperature, lixiviant concentration, and leaching time. Kinetic behavior was analysed using Arrhenius and shrinkage core models. RSM CCD analyses indicated that the quadratic model effectively predicted silver leaching percentages across the tested factors, with significant effects noted for most parameters, except temperature in the acetic acid system. Optimal silver recovery was 11.48% for acetic acid (38.8° 2.5 M, 4 h) and 15.2% for citric acid (37.7° 1 M, 1.5 h). Kinetic studies showed leaching was diffusion controlled, with activation energies of 13.13 kJ/mol for acetic acid and 3.3 kJ/mol for citric acid. Overall, this study sets the foundation for a scalable and environmentally sustainable silver recovery from WPCB.
Keywords: silver leaching, citric acid, acetic acid, response surface methodology, kinetic studies

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921065

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MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE-ASSISTED REMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOILS
Alexandre Loukanov
1 Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology, Department of Eng. Geoecology, University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, E-mail: a.loukanov@mgu.bg
2 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Institute of Technology, Gunma College, 580 Toriba, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530 Japan, E-mail: loukanov@gunma-ct.ac.jp

ABSTRACT: Petroleum contamination in soils, often resulting from mining operations and oil and gas drilling activities, poses a serious threat to environmental and human health. These industrial activities can lead to the release of petroleum hydrocarbons into terrestrial ecosystems, where they persist for extended periods, disrupt ecological functions, and degrade soil and water quality. Therefore, the development of sustainable and effective remediation strategies is essential for mitigating the environmental footprint of resource extraction processes. However, the efficiency of conventional soil remediation methods varies widely – from 20% to over 90% – depending on hydrocarbon type, soil properties, and environmental conditions. These traditional approaches suffer from several critical limitations, including prolonged treatment durations, non-selectivity, high operational and logistical costs, and large land requirements. Moreover, they can disrupt the native soil microbiome, reduce soil fertility, and degrade organic matter, potentially leading to the accumulation of toxic or persistent intermediate compounds. To address these challenges, this paper aims to develop an eco-sustainable and cost-effective alternative remediation method. The study investigates the application of magnetic nanoparticles – specifically magnetite (Fe₃O₄) – as a promising remediation approach for oil-contaminated soils. Due to their high surface area, hydrophobicity, strong adsorption capacity, and ease of recovery via magnetic separation, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles offer distinct advantages over conventional remediation techniques. The proposed mechanism involves the desorption of hydrocarbons from soil organic matter, subsequent adsorption onto nanoparticle surfaces, and recovery through magnetic separation. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle concentration, contact time, and soil pH on the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons. Results demonstrate that nanoparticles sized between 15–20 nm can achieve up to 47–48% removal of nonpolar petroleum constituents—particularly heavy aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons – under optimised conditions. Furthermore, a synergistic approach combining Fe₃O₄ with oxidising agents such as persulphate was explored to enhance the degradation of recalcitrant hydrocarbons and improve nanoparticle recyclability. This research supports the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable remediation practices, particularly within the broader context of environmentally responsible raw material extraction, and contributes to the advancement of clean-up technologies for contamination originating from extractive industries.
Key words: Petroleum spills, contaminated soils, iron oxide nanoparticles, remediation

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18922073

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DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN UKRAINE, CURRENT STATE AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Olha Medvedieva1, Zariana Halchenko1, Oleksii Demchenko2
1 M. S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, UA; E-mail: medvedevaolga1702@gmail.com; zhalchenko85@gmail.com
2 Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies: Dnipro, UA; E-mail: fiatdem4enko@gmail.com
Corresponding author: medvedevaolga1702@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The article analyses the current state and prospects of using renewable energy sources in Ukraine and across the world. The list and current state of wind power plants in Ukraine and the impact of military operations on them are presented. On the basis of the conducted research, the most efficient wind power plants for the conditions of mining regions are identified. The advantages and disadvantages of wind power plants are presented. The methods of eliminating the negative impact of wind turbines on the environment are highlighted. The calculation of wind energy potential for a particular site – the Kryvbas areas disturbed by mining – is presented.
Key words: renewable energy sources, wind energy potential, wind power plants, environmental factors, energy potential.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921267

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SCREENING AND ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING SULPHATE CONCENTRATION IN WATERS INFLUENCED BY THE MINING AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY
Katerina Nikolova, Svetlana Bratkova, Anatoliy Angelov, Petia Genova, Rosen Ivanov, Polina Velichkova
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, e-mail: k.nikolova@mgu.bg

ABSTRACT. The complexity and specificity of the problem with the release of high concentrations of sulphates from mining sites characterised by sulphide ores requires the application of an adequate selection of existing treatment technologies. The proposed screening is based on three steps – preliminary screening based on the rate of development and commercialization of the technology and the ability to achieve a certain threshold of sulphate removal; screening of technologies based on productivity, costs and other factors; and screening based on the rate of removal of other important pollutants. The purpose of the proposed analysis is to highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach and to identify the most applicable water treatment technologies to reduce sulphates in wastewater, using a unified methodology for evaluation and ranking. The result is a list of technologies classified by their applicability, which can be used as a guide or starting point for further study and a detailed review of the possibilities for sulphate removal from wastewater. For the sulphates removal from extractive waste influenced waters (EWIW), limestone / lime treatment (as a pre-treatment process), the SAVMIN process, the GYP-CIX process and the biological sulphate reduction in bioreactor seem to be the most applicable treatment processes, as among the treatment processes that use biological sulphate-reduction, the bioreactors are the most effective.
Key words: mining industry, wastewaters, SWOT analysis.

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921368

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DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING UKRAINIAN NICKEL ORES
Tаtуana Oliynyk, Liudmyla Skliar
Kryvyi Rih National University, 11 Vitalii Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027, Ukraine
Email: taoliynik@knu.edu.ua, lyuda.cuclina@knu.edu.ua
Corresponding author: taoliynik@knu.edu.uсa

ABSTRACT. The study investigates material composition of silicate nickel ores from Zakhidno-Lashchivka area in Ukraine. Mineralogical analysis is carried out on nontronite and ochreous samples. Correlation analysis examines the relationship between mineral composition and the content of Fe, Ni, and Co. Thermodynamic calculations are performed using the ASTRA software package. The optimal parameters for the reduction process in the temperature range of 300–3000 K are determined. Technological studies involve reduction roasting to facilitate leaching of oxidised ore in ammoniac solutions. Magnetic separation of roasted material contributes to the recovery of a non-magnetic product containing 2.5–3.2% Ni and a magnetic fraction with 1.8% Ni. Flotation of the roasted product yields concentrates with 3–5% Ni at a recovery rate of 17-50% (sample 1) and 7.4-46% (sample 2). Magnetic cleaning increases the Ni content in the flotation concentrate to 8% for the nontronite sample (sample 1) and up to 7% for the ochreous sample (sample 2). A process flowsheet is developed, involving roasting at 1000°C for 2 hours, followed by ammoniac leaching. After thickening, precipitation, filtration and drying, nickel product (47% Ni, 0.5% Co, 0.8% Fe) with a moisture content of 65–70% is obtained. Nickel precipitation is performed by heating to 80°C for 1 hour, which allows ammonia to be recycled back into the leaching process.
Keywords: ammoniac leaching, nickel, processing technology, reduction roasting

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921469

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OPTIMISATION OF KAOLIN DEPOSIT MODELING USING GEOSTATISTICAL METHODS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION
Ihor Piskun, Lesia Sitsinska, Roman Ihnatiuk
State University “Zhytomyr Polytechnic”, 10005 Zhytomyr, E-mail: ihor@ztu.edu.ua, lesly311878@gmail.com, krrkp_irm@ztu.edu.ua
Corresponding author: ihor@ztu.edu.ua

ABSTRACT. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to optimising kaolin deposit modelling using geostatistical methods of spatial interpolation. The study focuses on improving the assessment of the spatial distribution of mineral components using the example of the Yosypivka kaolin deposit. To enhance the accuracy of mineral resource forecasting, a comparative analysis of various interpolation methods, including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Kriging, was conducted, emphasizing their efficiency in modelling the spatial variability of the chemical composition of the raw material.
The primary methodological foundation of the study is geostatistical analysis, which includes variogram analysis, spatial interpolation, and statistical data processing. Key variogram parameters were determined, reflecting the spatial correlation of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, and K₂O contents. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of applying the Ordinary Kriging method for predicting the spatial distribution of mineral components, as it allows for consideration of the anisotropy of geological formations and the spatial dependence of data. Additionally, a correlation analysis of the chemical composition of kaolin raw materials was conducted, revealing medium-intensity relationships between major mineral components, particularly between Al₂O₃ and TiO₂. The identified correlations formed the basis for further modelling using Co-Kriging, enabling the integration of interdependent parameters into the interpolation process and improving the accuracy of the obtained forecasts.
Key words: kaolin deposits, geostatistics, spatial modelling, variogram analysis, Ordinary Kriging, Co-Kriging

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921570

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DETERMINATION OF THE RESISTANCES IN THE ROTOR’S COILS OF A MINE LOCOMOTIVE MOTOR
Angel Zabchev, Romeo Alexandrov
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia 1700
Corresponding author: romeo.alexandrov@mgu.bg

Abstract: A possibility has been found for determining the resistances in a loop that cannot be disconnected, by measuring with an ohmmeter. Such loops form the rotor windings of collector motors. To showcase the method, a fictitious example with a small number of collector plates has been described. The method has been applied by studying a motor for a mine locomotive DRT – 10A2 with 105 collector plates. The resistances of the sections of the wave winding have been determined.
Key words: DC motor, rotor, sections, windings

https://doi.org/10.58903/dw18921671

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